Health Care Expenditures and Use Associated with Hypertension Among U.S. Adults

Abstract

Introduction

This study seeks to estimate health care expenditures and use associated with hypertension, focusing on differences among racial and ethnic groups.

Methods

Data were from the 2019 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, analyzed in 2023. The study sample included noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged ≥18 years. Outcome variables were health care expenditures and events. Hypertension was determined by a self-reported diagnosis or diagnosis codes. Race and ethnicity were self-reported. A 2-part model was used to estimate expenditures associated with hypertension. A zero-inflated negative binomial model was used to estimate events associated with hypertension. Sampling designs were applied to generate nationally representative estimates.

Results

Hypertension was associated with $2,759 (95% confidence interval [CI]: $2,039, $3,479) in health care expenditures and 10.3 (95% CI: 9.3, 11.3) health care events, including prescriptions filled, in 2019 per person. Compared with non-Hispanic White adults, hypertension-associated health care expenditures were significantly lower among Hispanic adults (difference: –$1,877; 95% CI: –$3,389, –$364) and Asian adults (difference: –$2,452; 95% CI: –$4,093, –$811), and hypertension-associated health care events were significantly lower among Hispanic adults (difference: –3.8; 95% CI: –6.1, –1.6) and non-Hispanic Asian adults (difference: –4.1; 95% CI: –6.9, –1.2). Differences between non-Hispanic White adults and non-Hispanic Black adults were not statistically significant in health care expenditures (difference: –$954; 95% CI: –$2,849, $941) and events (difference: 0.3; 95% CI: –2.1, 2.8).

Conclusions

This study reveals differences in health care expenditures and use associated with hypertension among racial and ethnic groups. Future studies are needed to examine potential drivers of these differences.