Hydration of mafic crustal rocks at high temperature during brittle-viscous deformation along a strike-slip plate boundary

Abstract

The Poroshiri ophiolite (Hidaka metamorphic belt, Japan) occurs within a crustal-scale network of high-temperature, dextral shear zones that accommodated hundreds of kilometres of displacement due to the opening of the Japan Sea in the Neogene. The opholitic rocks comprise ultramafic, mafic and sedimentary protoliths that have been variably hydrated and metamorphosed. This work investigates the mechanisms and timing of fluid influx relative to viscous deformation in metagabbros and amphibolites deformed during exhumation from granulite- to amphibolite-facies conditions. We consider a range of microstructures, from low strain domains and 1–2 mm thick shear bands to mylonites with a thickness of a few meters. Low strain domains of metagabbros exhibit corona textures with symplectites consisting of pargasitic amphibole (Ed_0.7) - anorthitic plagioclase (An_80–92) ± orthopyroxene ± clinopyroxene forming around olivine and igneous pyroxene and with similar plagioclase–amphibole-orthopyroxene ± clinopyroxene granoblastic aggregates in micrometric-thick fractures. These textures result from hydration under low fluid-rock ratio, with elevated H₂O content only occurring locally (H₂O > 1–1.2 wt%). Igneous mineral replacement leads to grain size reduction from 1 mm to ~10 μm. Amphibole exhibits a strong core-rim zonation primarily controlled by the high diffusivity of Fe, Mg and OH and the low diffusivity of Al. Mineral compositional equilibrium is achieved at the scale of 100–200 μm. In mm-thick localized shear bands and in metric-scale mylonitic amphibolites, the heterogeneous mineral composition of amphibole (Ed_0.2–0.5) and plagioclase (An₄₀₋An₈₀) indicates only partial re-equilibration (at the scale of 200–500 μm) despite higher fluid-rock ratios and more pervasive fluid percolation than in metagabbros. Plagioclase–amphibole thermometry and equilibrium phase diagrams indicate that the initial fluid infiltration and corona formation occurred at 800–850°C by fracturing and percolation along grain boundaries. This was followed by the main fluid percolation and mylonitization event, which occurred during exhumation and cooling at conditions of 720–580°C, ~4 kbar. Continuous hydration during retrogression was achieved by the influx of dominantly seawater-derived fluid, as attested by the high chlorine (Cl) contents (>300–400 ppm) of amphiboles in fractures. The heterogeneous distribution of fractures controls the distribution of fluid from the earliest stages of hydration, creating positive feedback where the growth of hydrous minerals as amphibole (up to +300 vol% of amphibole in high strain areas relative to the low-strain ones) and the formation of fine-grained mixed domains that led to further localization of viscous strain and mass transfer (variations of ± 30–40% in major elements). The Poroshiri ophiolite therefore represents a good fossil example of a former transpressional plate boundary where coupled metamorphic and deformation processes were triggered by seawater-derived fluid that percolated to depths of ~15 km.