Stability of new psychoactive substances in crude wastewater.

IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL
Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-10 DOI:10.1007/s12024-024-00860-1
Bethan Davies, Richard Paul, David Osselton, Timothy Woolley
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Abstract

Those involved in drug testing continue to grapple with the dynamic nature of emerging psychoactive substances (NPS) and their rapid infiltration into society. The challenge extends beyond merely detecting and measuring NPS using analytical tools; it also encompasses the complexities arising from the formation and presence of metabolites and degradation products. This study utilises liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to investigate the stability of new psychoactive substances in wastewater. Seven NPS compounds including 25C-NBOMe, 5F-APINACA 4-hydroxyphenyl, AB-PINACA, APINACA 4-hydroxyphenyl, fentanyl, norfentanyl and MDPV, along with their corresponding internal standard, were examined. Reference material for each NPS compound was introduced into a wastewater sample from a Wessex water treatment plant. The sample was then exposed to four different environments: room temperature, refrigerator temperature, acidification to pH 2, and the introduction of sodium metabisulfite. The findings highlight the critical dependence of storage conditions on target analytes, emphasizing the paramount importance of the time elapsed between collection and analysis for NPS wastewater analysis. Notably, synthetic cannabinoids exhibit limited stability in wastewater whereas cathinone-like substances demonstrate greater stability. Furthermore, metabolites prove to be more stable in wastewater than the parent drug, suggesting that focusing on metabolite detection may be more favourable for future analysis.

Abstract Image

粗废水中新精神活性物质的稳定性。
参与药物检测的人员仍在努力应对新兴精神活性物质(NPS)的动态性质及其对社会的快速渗透。这一挑战不仅限于使用分析工具检测和测量 NPS,还包括代谢物和降解产物的形成和存在所带来的复杂性。本研究利用液相色谱飞行时间质谱法研究废水中新精神活性物质的稳定性。研究考察了七种新精神活性物质化合物,包括 25C-NBOMe、5F-APINACA 4-羟基苯基、AB-PINACA、APINACA 4-羟基苯基、芬太尼、诺芬太尼和 MDPV 及其相应的内标。每种 NPS 化合物的标准物质都被引入了来自 Wessex 水处理厂的废水样本中。然后将样本置于四种不同的环境中:室温、冰箱温度、酸化至 pH 值为 2,以及引入焦亚硫酸钠。研究结果凸显了储存条件对目标分析物的关键依赖性,强调了从采集到分析之间的时间间隔对于核动力源废水分析的重要性。值得注意的是,合成大麻素在废水中的稳定性有限,而卡西酮类物质则表现出更高的稳定性。此外,事实证明代谢物在废水中比母体药物更稳定,这表明侧重于代谢物检测可能更有利于未来的分析。
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来源期刊
Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology
Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology MEDICINE, LEGAL-PATHOLOGY
CiteScore
3.90
自引率
5.60%
发文量
114
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology encompasses all aspects of modern day forensics, equally applying to children or adults, either living or the deceased. This includes forensic science, medicine, nursing, and pathology, as well as toxicology, human identification, mass disasters/mass war graves, profiling, imaging, policing, wound assessment, sexual assault, anthropology, archeology, forensic search, entomology, botany, biology, veterinary pathology, and DNA. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology presents a balance of forensic research and reviews from around the world to reflect modern advances through peer-reviewed papers, short communications, meeting proceedings and case reports.
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