Ferrocenedicarboxylate modified Bi-MOF for water decontamination via different advanced oxidation processes: Multifunction, mechanisms and biotoxicity test

Abstract

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS), peroxydisulfate (PDS) and hydrogen peroxide (HO)-based advanced oxidation processes are extensively applied for aqueous pollutants degradation. However, few cases reported the comparison the PMS, PDS and HO activation performances of a heterogeneous catalyst. In this work, 1,1′-ferrocenedicarboxylate (Fc) modified Bi-BDC (Bi-BDC-Fc) with unique electronic structure and strong oxidation ability was synthesized and applied for degrading bisphenols (BPs) photocatalytic PMS, PDS, and HO activation, respectively. The optimum Bi-BDC-Fc exhibited the best photocatalytic PMS, PDS and HO activation performance to degrade various organic pollutants, including BPs, in which the bisphenol A degradation efficiencies followed the order of Bi-BDC-Fc/UVL/PMS, Bi-BDC-Fc/UVL/PDS and Bi-BDC-Fc/UVL/HO. The reaction mechanisms of photocatalytic PMS, PDS and HO activation over Bi-BDC-Fc were comprehensively clarified by experimental results along with DFT calculations. Also, the toxicity and ecotoxicological impact of the pristine BPs and their intermediates were evaluated by the phytotoxicity experiments and zebrafish early-life stage toxicity test. This work presented a comprehensive investigation of degradation performance and the ecotoxicology assessment of Bi-BDC-Fc/UVL/PMS, Bi-BDC-Fc/UVL/PDS, and Bi-BDC-Fc/UVL/HO systems, providing valuable insights to design and utilize the newly developed catalysts for water purification.