Applications of synthetic polymers directed toward living cells

Abstract

Cells execute remarkable functions using biopolymers synthesized from natural building blocks. Engineering cells to leverage the vast array of synthesizable abiotic polymers could provide enhanced or entirely new cellular functions. Here we discuss the applications of in situ-synthesized abiotic polymers in three distinct domains: intracellular polymerization, cell-surface polymerization and extracellular polymerization. These advances have led to novel applications in various areas, such as cancer therapy, cell imaging, cellular activity manipulation, cell protection and electrode assembly. Examples of these synthetic approaches can be applied across all domains of life, ranging from microbes and cultured mammalian cells to plants and animals. Finally, we discuss challenges and future opportunities in this emerging field, which could enable new synthetic approaches to influence biological processes and functions. Cell-based polymerization offers a promising avenue for integrating synthetic chemistry with biological systems. By leveraging cellular machinery, native chemical environments and external stimuli, the in situ-synthesized polymers hold the potential to impact diverse biomedical research domains, from the regulation of cell behaviour to targeted therapeutics.