{"title":"Evolutionary Adaptation Perspectives on Childcare with References to Life History Plasticity in the Modern World: Brazil, Russia, and the USA","authors":"Olga Semenova, Aurelio José Figueredo, Rosana Suemi Tokumaru, Renata Pereira Defelipe, Tania Kiehl Lucci, Catherine Salmon, Emily Vogel, Rachel Zambrano, Marina Bytovskaya","doi":"10.1007/s40750-024-00241-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The cooperative breeding framework suggests that help from extended family members with childrearing is important adaptation for our species survival, and it is universal. However, the degree of alloparental help may vary between societies, families, and over time. We hypothesized that maternal and paternal effort, as well as alloparental care, would depend both upon resource availability (SES) and different mating opportunities for males and females in three countries: Brazil, Russia, and the USA.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We analyzed the intergenerational interactions between family members during childcare via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in R-software. Online samples were collected from Brazil (N = 538), Russia (N = 502), and the USA (N = 308).</p><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><p>The results of our study are consistent with previous research on life history (LHT) plasticity, which has shown a negative correlation between the perceived childhood SES and perceived parental effort. However, our models indicated a possible cultural difference in the estimates of poverty paths: in Brazilian and American samples, SES had a greater impact on paternal care than on maternal, while in Russia, poverty had a greater effect on mothers’ effort. This reversed effect size on maternal versus paternal effort in Russia may suggest that Russian mothers experience a trade-off between working outside the home and direct childcare, while Russian fathers may adopt a “faster” LHT strategy as they are the limited sex in the mating pool.</p><p>Our findings also demonstrate that the parental effort of both parents was positively associated, indicating their mutualistic relationship. We also found that according to the recollections of respondents’ maternal grandparents usually compensate the lack of paternal effort, but their help, as well as the help of paternal grandparents, was indifferent to the poverty cues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"10 2","pages":"148 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40750-024-00241-6","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction
The cooperative breeding framework suggests that help from extended family members with childrearing is important adaptation for our species survival, and it is universal. However, the degree of alloparental help may vary between societies, families, and over time. We hypothesized that maternal and paternal effort, as well as alloparental care, would depend both upon resource availability (SES) and different mating opportunities for males and females in three countries: Brazil, Russia, and the USA.
Methods
We analyzed the intergenerational interactions between family members during childcare via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in R-software. Online samples were collected from Brazil (N = 538), Russia (N = 502), and the USA (N = 308).
Results and Discussion
The results of our study are consistent with previous research on life history (LHT) plasticity, which has shown a negative correlation between the perceived childhood SES and perceived parental effort. However, our models indicated a possible cultural difference in the estimates of poverty paths: in Brazilian and American samples, SES had a greater impact on paternal care than on maternal, while in Russia, poverty had a greater effect on mothers’ effort. This reversed effect size on maternal versus paternal effort in Russia may suggest that Russian mothers experience a trade-off between working outside the home and direct childcare, while Russian fathers may adopt a “faster” LHT strategy as they are the limited sex in the mating pool.
Our findings also demonstrate that the parental effort of both parents was positively associated, indicating their mutualistic relationship. We also found that according to the recollections of respondents’ maternal grandparents usually compensate the lack of paternal effort, but their help, as well as the help of paternal grandparents, was indifferent to the poverty cues.
导言：合作繁育框架表明，大家庭成员帮助抚养子女是我们物种生存的重要适应措施，而且具有普遍性。然而，不同社会、不同家庭和不同时期的全亲帮助程度可能会有所不同。我们假设，在巴西、俄罗斯和美国，母亲和父亲的努力以及异性父母的照顾将取决于资源可用性（社会经济地位）以及男性和女性的不同交配机会：我们通过 R 软件中的结构方程模型（SEM）分析了家庭成员在育儿过程中的代际互动。我们的研究结果与之前关于生活史（LHT）可塑性的研究结果一致，这些研究结果表明，感知到的童年社会经济地位与感知到的父母努力之间存在负相关。然而，我们的模型显示，在贫困路径的估计中可能存在文化差异：在巴西和美国的样本中，社会经济地位对父亲照顾的影响大于对母亲照顾的影响，而在俄罗斯，贫困对母亲努力的影响更大。在俄罗斯，母亲与父亲努力程度的效应大小相反，这可能表明俄罗斯的母亲在外出工作与直接照顾子女之间进行了权衡，而俄罗斯的父亲可能会采取 "更快 "的LHT策略，因为他们是交配池中有限的性别。我们还发现，根据受访者的回忆，外公外婆通常会弥补父亲努力的不足，但他们的帮助以及外公外婆的帮助与贫困线索无关。
期刊介绍：
Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology is an international interdisciplinary scientific journal that publishes theoretical and empirical studies of any aspects of adaptive human behavior (e.g. cooperation, affiliation, and bonding, competition and aggression, sex and relationships, parenting, decision-making), with emphasis on studies that also address the biological (e.g. neural, endocrine, immune, cardiovascular, genetic) mechanisms controlling behavior.
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