High photocatalytic yield in the non-oxidative coupling of methane using a Pd–TiO2 nanomembrane gas flow-through reactor†

Abstract

The photocatalytic non-oxidative coupling of methane (NOCM) is a highly challenging and sustainable reaction to produce H₂ and C₂₊ hydrocarbons under ambient conditions using sunlight. However, there is a lack of knowledge, particularly on how to achieve high photocatalytic yield in continuous-flow reactors. To address this, we have developed a novel flow-through photocatalytic reactor for NOCM as an alternative to the conventionally used batch reactors. Me/TiO₂ photocatalysts, where Me = Au, Ag and Pd, are developed, but only those based on Pd are active. Interestingly, the preparation method significantly impacts performance, going from inactive samples (prepared by wet impregnation) to highly active samples (prepared by strong electrostatic adsorption – SEA). These photocatalysts are deposited on a nanomembrane, and the loading effect, which determines productivity, selectivity, and stability, is also analysed. Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) analysis reveals the involvement of holes and photoelectrons after charge separation on Pd/TiO₂ (SEA) and their interaction with methane in ethane formation, reaching a production rate of about 1000 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and a selectivity of almost 95% after 5 hours of reaction. Stability tests involving 24 h of continuous irradiation are performed, showing changes in productivity and selectivity to ethane, ethylene and CO₂. The effect of a mild oxidative treatment (80 °C) to extend the catalyst's lifetime is also reported.