The impact of obesity on chronic oedema/lymphoedema of the leg – an international multicenter cross-sectional study (LIMPRINT)

Abstract

Obesity and chronic oedema/lymphoedema are two distinct but related conditions, rarely investigated together. The aim was to study the impact of increased weight on chronic oedema and related factors. A cross-sectional study, 38 centers, nine countries. Patients with clinically confirmed chronic oedema/lymphoedema of the leg were included. Weight category was estimated as: normal weight (BMI 20–30), class I-II obesity (BMI 30–40), or class III obesity (BMI > 40). Factors were tested for an association with increased weight, using a multivariable model. A total of 7397 patients were included; 43% with normal weight, 36% class I-II obesity and 21% class III obesity. Increased weight was associated with more advanced stages of chronic oedema (ISL stage III; the most advanced form); affecting 14% in normal weight, 18% class I-II obesity and 39% class III obesity (p < 0.001). Ten factors were independently associated with increased weight: diabetes (OR 2.4), secondary lymphoedema (OR 2.7), cellulitis/erysipelas within 12 months (OR 1.2), bilateral lymphoedema (OR 3.6), compression therapy (OR 2.1), increased swelling duration (1–2 years OR 1.3, 2–5 years OR 2.5, 5–10 years OR 3.6, >10 years OR 3.5) decreased mobility (walking with aid OR 1.9, being chair bound OR 1.2) and age (reference<45 years; 45–64 years OR 1.5, 75–84 years OR 0.6, 85+ years OR 0.2). Increased weight was associated with a lower presentation of peripheral arterial disease (OR 0.7) and poorer chronic oedema control (OR 0.8). Patients with obesity had lower function, appearance and more severe symptoms (LYMQOL) and lower quality of life (EuroQol). Obesity negatively impacts chronic oedema, leading to more advanced stages. Achieving good control of swelling with compression is more difficult in these patients. Increased awareness of chronic oedema/lymphoedema as a complication of obesity is important for early detection and for developing effective strategies to prevent and manage them.