Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Generalized Myasthenia Gravis in Malaysia: A Single-Center Experience.

Abstract

Background and purpose: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is clinically heterogeneous and can be classified into subgroups according to the clinical presentation, antibody status, age at onset, and thymic abnormalities. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of generalized MG (GMG) patients based on these subgroups.

Methods: Medical records of MG patients from 1976 to 2023 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with pure ocular MG were excluded. Data on demographic, clinical characteristics, laboratory features, and outcomes were analyzed.

Results: This study included 120 GMG patients. There was a slight preponderance of female patients over male patients (male:female ratio=1:1.3), with the age at onset exhibiting a bimodal distribution. Female patients peaked at a lower age (21-30 years) whereas male patients peaked at a higher age (61-70 years). Most (92%, 105 of 114) patients had positive anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Five patients were also tested for anti-muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibodies, with two showing positivity. Thymectomy was performed in 62 (52%) patients, of which 30 had thymoma, 16 had thymic hyperplasia, 7 had an involuted thymus, and 6 had a normal thymus. There were significantly more female patients (68% vs. 45%, p=0.011) with early-onset disease (<50 years old) and thymic hyperplasia (33% vs. 0%, p<0.025). Most (71%) of the patients had a good outcome based on the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America postintervention status. GMG patients with early-onset disease had a significantly better outcome than patients with a late onset in univariate (58% vs. 37%, p=0.041) and multivariate (odds ratio=4.68, 95% confidence interval=1.17-18.64, p=0.029) analyses.

Conclusions: Female patients with early-onset MG and thymic hyperplasia had significantly better outcomes, but only early-onset disease was independently associated with a good outcome. These findings are comparable with those of other studies.