Whole mount immunofluorescence analysis of fresh and stored human donor corneas highlights changes in limbal characteristics during storage

Abstract

Purpose

Human donor corneas are an essential control tissue for corneal research. We utilized whole mount immunofluorescence (WM-IF) to evaluate how the storage affects the tissue integrity and putative limbal stem cells in human and porcine corneas. Moreover, we compare this information with the marker expression patterns observed in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived LSCs.

Methods

The expression of putative LSC markers was analyzed with WM-IF and the fluorescence intensity was quantified in human donor corneas stored for 1–30 days, and in porcine corneas processed 0–6 h after euthanasia. The results were compared with the staining of human and porcine corneal cryosections and with both primary and hPSC-derived LSC cultures.

Results

WM-IF analyses emerged as a more effective method when compared to tissue sections for visualizing the expression of LSC markers within human and porcine corneas. Storage duration was a significant factor influencing the expression of LSC markers, as human tissues stored longer exhibited notable epithelial degeneration and lack of LSC markers. Porcine corneas replicated the expression patterns observed in fresh human tissue. We validated the diverse expression patterns of PAX6 in the limbal-corneal region, which aligned with findings from hPSC-LSC differentiation experiments.

Conclusions

WM-IF coupled with quantification of fluorescence intensities proved to be a valuable tool for investigating LSC marker expression in both human and porcine tissues ex vivo. Prolonged storage significantly influences the expression of LSC markers, underscoring the importance of fresh human or substitute control tissue when studying limbal stem cell biology.