Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated with Diagonal Earlobe Crease (Frank Sign) in Mexican Adults: Aging, Obesity, Arterial Hypertension, and Being Male Are the Most Important.

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q3 PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE

International Journal of Hypertension Pub Date : 2024-06-21 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI:10.1155/2024/5598134

Rogelio Molina-Gallardo, Nomely S Aurelien-Cabezas, Daniel Tiburcio-Jimenez, Jorge E Plata-Florenzano, Jose Guzman-Esquivel, Iram P Rodriguez-Sanchez, Margarita L Martinez-Fierro, Roque Molina-Osorio, Adrian A De-la-Madrid-Cernas, Jorge Armando Barriguete-Melendez, Ivan Delgado-Enciso

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Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia enfold heart disease morbimortality. Diagonal earlobe crease has been proposed as a prognostic marker of extension and severity of illness in patients with acute coronary syndrome. But its usefulness remains unclear in patients with or without coronary disease.

Methods: A case-control study was carried out on a total of 805 patients with and without cardiovascular risk factors or acute coronary syndrome. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to determine the probability of having diagonal earlobe crease with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and acute coronary syndrome. Data were summarized as odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals and P values.

Results: An unadjusted (univariate) analysis showed that being male, being older than 55 years, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia, as well as having acute coronary syndrome, were associated with the presence of diagonal earlobe crease. The multivariate analysis showed that men (OR 1.6, 95% IC 1.1-2.4, P=0.007), being over 55 years old (OR 4.8, 95% IC 3.2-7.2, P < 0.001), being obese (OR 2.1, 95% IC 1.4-3.1, P < 0.001), having arterial hypertension (1.5, 95% IC 1.1-2.3, P=0.025), or suffering from acute coronary syndrome (OR 5.3, 95% IC 2.5-11.1, P < 0.001), were independent factors associated with diagonal earlobe crease. The rest of cardiovascular risk factors were not relevant in the multivariate model.

Conclusions: In Mexican adults, having an acute coronary syndrome is not the only factor associated with diagonal earlobe crease but also being a man, older than 55 years, having high blood pressure and obesity. Diagonal earlobe crease may simply be caused by changes in the skin and connective tissues of the ears because of the aging process, obesity, and/or being male. These factors, by themselves, enfold cardiovascular risk due to well-known pathophysiological causes.

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与墨西哥成年人对角线耳垂皱褶（弗兰克体征）相关的传统心血管风险因素：衰老、肥胖、动脉高血压和男性是最重要的因素。

导言：肥胖、2 型糖尿病、高血压、吸烟和血脂异常等心血管危险因素导致心脏病死亡率居高不下。对角线耳垂皱襞被认为是急性冠状动脉综合征患者病情扩展和严重程度的预后标志。但它在有无冠心病患者中的作用仍不明确：方法：我们对 805 名有或没有心血管危险因素或急性冠状动脉综合征的患者进行了病例对照研究。通过单变量和多变量二元逻辑回归分析，确定耳垂对角线折痕与心血管风险因素和急性冠状动脉综合征存在的概率。数据总结为几率比率、95%置信区间和P值：未调整（单变量）分析显示，男性、55 岁以上、肥胖、2 型糖尿病、动脉高血压、吸烟和血脂异常以及急性冠状动脉综合征与耳垂斜皱襞的存在有关。多变量分析显示，男性（OR 1.6，95% IC 1.1-2.4，P=0.007）、55 岁以上（OR 4.8，95% IC 3.2-7.2，P < 0.001）、肥胖（OR 2.1，95% IC 1.4-3.1，P < 0.001）、动脉高血压（1.5，95% IC 1.1-2.3，P=0.025）或患有急性冠状动脉综合征（OR 5.3，95% IC 2.5-11.1，P < 0.001）是与耳垂对角线皱褶相关的独立因素。其他心血管风险因素与多变量模型无关：在墨西哥成年人中，患有急性冠状动脉综合征并不是唯一与对角线耳垂皱褶相关的因素，男性、55 岁以上、高血压和肥胖也是与对角线耳垂皱褶相关的因素。耳垂对角线皱褶可能仅仅是由于耳部皮肤和结缔组织的老化、肥胖和/或男性引起的变化。由于众所周知的病理生理原因，这些因素本身就存在心血管风险。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

International Journal of Hypertension Medicine-Internal Medicine

CiteScore

4.00

自引率

5.30%

发文量

期刊介绍： International Journal of Hypertension is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that provides a forum for clinicians and basic scientists interested in blood pressure regulation and pathophysiology, as well as treatment and prevention of hypertension. The journal publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies on the etiology and risk factors of hypertension, with a special focus on vascular biology, epidemiology, pediatric hypertension, and hypertensive nephropathy.