New variants of COVID-19 (XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16, the “Arcturus”): A review of highly questioned concerns, a brief comparison between different peaks in the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focused systematic review on expert recommendations for prevention, vaccination, and treatment measures in the general population and at-risk groups

IF 3.1 4区医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY

Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI:10.1002/iid3.1323

Homa Pourriyahi, Nima Hajizadeh, Mina Khosravi, Homayoun Pourriahi, Sanaz Soleimani, Nastaran Sadat Hosseini, Arash Pour Mohammad, Azadeh Goodarzi

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has taken many forms and continues to evolve, now around the Omicron wave, raising concerns over the globe. With COVID-19 being declared no longer a “public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC),” the COVID pandemic is still far from over, as new Omicron subvariants of interest and concern have risen since January of 2023. Mainly with the XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 subvariants, the pandemic is still very much “alive” and “breathing.”

Methods

This review consists of five highly concerning questions about the current state of the COVID Omicron peak. We searched four main online databases to answer the first four questions. For the last one, we performed a systematic review of the literature, with keywords “Omicron,” “Guidelines,” and “Recommendations.”

Results

A total of 31 articles were included. The main symptoms of the current Omicron wave include a characteristically high fever, coughing, conjunctivitis (with itching eyes), sore throat, runny nose, congestion, fatigue, body ache, and headache. The median incubation period of the symptoms is shorter than the previous peaks. Vaccination against COVID can still be considered effective for the new subvariants.

Conclusion

Guidelines recommend continuation of personal protective measures, third and fourth dose boosters, along with administration of bivalent messenger RNA vaccine boosters. The consensus antiviral treatment is combination therapy using Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir, and the consensus for pre-exposure prophylaxis is Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab combination. We hope the present paper raises awareness for the continuing presence of COVID and ways to lower the risks, especially for at-risk groups.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

COVID-19 的新变种（XBB.1.5 和 XBB.1.16，"Arcturus"）：回顾备受质疑的问题，简要比较 COVID-19 大流行的不同高峰期，重点系统回顾专家建议的普通人群和高危人群的预防、疫苗接种和治疗措施。

导言：COVID-19 大流行以多种形式出现，并在继续演变，目前围绕着 Omicron 波，引起了全球的关注。尽管 COVID-19 已被宣布不再是 "国际关注的公共卫生紧急事件（PHEIC）"，但 COVID 大流行仍远未结束，因为自 2023 年 1 月以来，新的 Omicron 子变体又引起了人们的兴趣和关注。主要是XBB.1.5和XBB.1.16亚变体，大流行仍然非常 "活跃 "和 "呼吸"：本综述包括五个与 COVID Omicron 峰值现状高度相关的问题。为了回答前四个问题，我们搜索了四个主要的在线数据库。对于最后一个问题，我们以 "Omicron"、"指南 "和 "建议 "为关键词进行了系统的文献综述：共收录了 31 篇文章。目前奥米克浪潮的主要症状包括特征性高烧、咳嗽、结膜炎（伴有眼睛瘙痒）、咽喉痛、流鼻涕、鼻塞、疲劳、全身酸痛和头痛。症状的中位潜伏期比前几个高峰期要短。对于新的亚变种，接种 COVID 疫苗仍然有效：结论：指导方针建议继续采取个人防护措施，接种第三和第四剂加强剂，同时接种二价信使核糖核酸疫苗加强剂。抗病毒治疗的共识是使用尼马瑞韦（Nirmatrelvir）和利托那韦（Ritonavir）进行联合治疗，暴露前预防的共识是使用替沙吉单抗（Tixagevimab）和西格维单抗（Cilgavimab）进行联合治疗。我们希望本文能提高人们对 COVID 持续存在的认识，以及降低风险（尤其是高危人群）的方法。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Medicine-Immunology and Allergy

CiteScore

3.60

自引率

0.00%

发文量

146

审稿时长

8 weeks

期刊介绍： Immunity, Inflammation and Disease is a peer-reviewed, open access, interdisciplinary journal providing rapid publication of research across the broad field of immunology. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease gives rapid consideration to papers in all areas of clinical and basic research. The journal is indexed in Medline and the Science Citation Index Expanded (part of Web of Science), among others. It welcomes original work that enhances the understanding of immunology in areas including: • cellular and molecular immunology • clinical immunology • allergy • immunochemistry • immunogenetics • immune signalling • immune development • imaging • mathematical modelling • autoimmunity • transplantation immunology • cancer immunology