Realistic About Reference Production: Testing the Effects of Domain Size and Saturation

IF 2.3 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL
Ruud Koolen, Emiel Krahmer
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Abstract

Experiments on visually grounded, definite reference production often manipulate simple visual scenes in the form of grids filled with objects, for example, to test how speakers are affected by the number of objects that are visible. Regarding the latter, it was found that speech onset times increase along with domain size, at least when speakers refer to nonsalient target objects that do not pop out of the visual domain. This finding suggests that even in the case of many distractors, speakers perform object-by-object scans of the visual scene. The current study investigates whether this systematic processing strategy can be explained by the simplified nature of the scenes that were used, and if different strategies can be identified for photo-realistic visual scenes. In doing so, we conducted a preregistered experiment that manipulated domain size and saturation; replicated the measures of speech onset times; and recorded eye movements to measure speakers’ viewing strategies more directly. Using controlled photo-realistic scenes, we find (1) that speech onset times increase linearly as more distractors are present; (2) that larger domains elicit relatively fewer fixation switches back and forth between the target and its distractors, mainly before speech onset; and (3) that speakers fixate the target relatively less often in larger domains, mainly after speech onset. We conclude that careful object-by-object scans remain the dominant strategy in our photo-realistic scenes, to a limited extent combined with low-level saliency mechanisms. A relevant direction for future research would be to employ less controlled photo-realistic stimuli that do allow for interpretation based on context.

Abstract Image

参考资料制作的现实性:测试领域大小和饱和度的影响
以视觉为基础的明确参照物生成实验通常会以布满物体的网格形式处理简单的视觉场景,例如,测试说话者如何受到可见物体数量的影响。关于后者,研究发现,至少当说话者所指称的目标对象不是从视域中跳出的非特征性对象时,说话开始时间会随着视域大小的增加而增加。这一发现表明,即使在有很多干扰物的情况下,说话者也会对视觉场景进行逐个对象的扫描。本研究探讨了这种系统化处理策略是否可以用所使用场景的简化性质来解释,以及是否可以为照片般逼真的视觉场景找出不同的策略。为此,我们进行了一项预先登记的实验,该实验操纵了视域大小和饱和度;复制了语音开始时间的测量方法;并记录了眼球运动,以更直接地测量说话者的观看策略。通过使用受控的照片逼真场景,我们发现:(1) 随着分心物的增多,语音开始时间呈线性增长;(2) 较大的域引起的目标物和分心物之间的固定切换相对较少,主要是在语音开始之前;(3) 在较大的域中,说话者固定目标物的频率相对较低,主要是在语音开始之后。我们的结论是,在我们的照片逼真场景中,仔细的逐个目标扫描仍然是主要策略,在一定程度上与低水平的突出机制相结合。未来研究的一个相关方向是采用控制较少的逼真照片刺激,允许根据上下文进行解释。
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来源期刊
Cognitive Science
Cognitive Science PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL-
CiteScore
4.10
自引率
8.00%
发文量
139
期刊介绍: Cognitive Science publishes articles in all areas of cognitive science, covering such topics as knowledge representation, inference, memory processes, learning, problem solving, planning, perception, natural language understanding, connectionism, brain theory, motor control, intentional systems, and other areas of interdisciplinary concern. Highest priority is given to research reports that are specifically written for a multidisciplinary audience. The audience is primarily researchers in cognitive science and its associated fields, including anthropologists, education researchers, psychologists, philosophers, linguists, computer scientists, neuroscientists, and roboticists.
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