Worse sleep architecture but not self-reported insomnia and sleepiness is associated with higher cortisol levels in menopausal women

Abstract

Objective

Worsening of sleep quality during menopause is well recognized. However, the underlying hormonal regulation is insufficiently described. In this study, we evaluated associations between sleep and cortisol levels.

Study design

Seventeen perimenopausal and 18 postmenopausal women were enrolled in a three-night sleep study. Diurnal blood sampling was performed during the third night and the following day.

Main outcome measures

Self-reported insomnia and sleepiness were evaluated with the Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire and sleep architecture with all-night polysomnography. Diurnal cortisol samples were collected at 20-min intervals. Correlation analyses and generalized linear models adjusted by age, body mass index, vasomotor symptoms and depressive symptoms were conducted.

Results

In correlation analyses, self-reported insomnia and sleepiness were not associated with cortisol levels. Lower sleep efficiency, slow-wave sleep and stage 1 percentages, number of slow-wave sleep and of rapid-eye-movement (REM) periods, longer slow-wave sleep latency and higher wake after sleep onset percentage were associated with higher cortisol levels (all p < 0.05). Further, lower slow-wave sleep percentage and longer slow-wave sleep latency correlated with steeper daytime cortisol slope (i.e. day cortisol decrease, both p < 0.05). In adjusted generalized linear models, lower sleep efficiency and number of rapid-eye-movement periods as well as higher wake after sleep onset percentage correlated with higher cortisol levels; lower slow-wave sleep percentage correlated with higher cortisol awakening response.

Conclusions

Worse sleep architecture but not worse self-reported insomnia and sleepiness was associated with higher cortisol levels. This is important for understanding sleep in women, especially during the menopausal period.