An experimental study on the parthenium biosorbents for removals of chlorides and hardness from contaminated water

Abstract

Among the problems most severe for the environment is the pollution of aqueous solution, specifically the creation of threats connected to hazardous heavy metals. In some rural places, it is hardness and chlorides that make groundwater or surface water dangerous in terms of the level of toxins. The requirement of hardness and chlorides is influenced because, in large quantities, when it comes to the quality of drinking water, it causes disease. Water is hazardous to the eyes because of its alkaline nature, inhalation organs, and skin problems. The more hardness and chlorides and related irritations there are, the larger the share. A naturally occurring physiochemical mechanism called biosorption enables certain biomass to passively adsorb hardness and chlorides into the biomass's cellular structure. In the lab, five distinct biosorbents were created, including parthenium, rice husk, rapeseed straw, sawdust, and egg cells, in that order. The parthenium biosorbents turned out to be the most successful biosorbents, despite the fact that each biosorbents has a different level of effectiveness in eliminating hardness and chlorides from water. By using the plant based biomass of parthenium, 65 % of chloride removal with 80 % of hardness removal was obtained. Having identified the best biosorbents, we optimized their parameters and took water samples from different sources. In chlorides removal over parthenium biosorbents, the optima dosage of biosorbents is 3.8 g, temperature is 35 °C, pH is 7, contact time is 120 min and optima agitation speed is 120 rpm. In hardness removal over parthenium biosorbents, the optima dosage of biosorbent is 5.4 g, temperature is 35 °C, pH is 6.5, contact time is 90 min and agitation speed is 150 rpm. Once the chlorides and hardness ions are removed from the water by the utilized biosorbents, the biosorption process may be homo cost effective through the regeneration and reuse of the biosorbent.