A-B Transition in Superfluid \(^3\)He and Cosmological Phase Transitions

IF 1.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED
Mark Hindmarsh, J. A. Sauls, Kuang Zhang, S. Autti, Richard P. Haley, Petri J. Heikkinen, Stephan J. Huber, Lev V. Levitin, Asier Lopez-Eiguren, Adam J. Mayer, Kari Rummukainen, John Saunders, Dmitry Zmeev
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Abstract

First-order phase transitions in the very early universe are a prediction of many extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics and could provide the departure from equilibrium needed for a dynamical explanation of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. They could also produce gravitational waves of a frequency observable by future space-based detectors such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. All calculations of the gravitational wave power spectrum rely on a relativistic version of the classical nucleation theory of Cahn-Hilliard and Langer, due to Coleman and Linde. The high purity and precise control of pressure and temperature achievable in the laboratory made the first-order A to B transition of superfluid \(^3\)He ideal for test of classical nucleation theory. As Leggett and others have noted, the theory fails dramatically. The lifetime of the metastable A phase is measurable, typically of order minutes to hours, far faster than classical nucleation theory predicts. If the nucleation of B phase from the supercooled A phase is due to a new, rapid intrinsic mechanism that would have implications for first-order cosmological phase transitions as well as predictions for gravitational wave production in the early universe. Here we discuss studies of the A-B phase transition dynamics in \(^3\)He, both experimental and theoretical, and show how the computational technology for cosmological phase transition can be used to simulate the dynamics of the A-B transition, support the experimental investigations of the A-B transition in the QUEST-DMC collaboration with the goal of identifying and quantifying the mechanism(s) responsible for nucleation of stable phases in ultra-pure metastable quantum phases.

Abstract Image

超流体 $$^3$He 中的 A-B 转变与宇宙学相变
极早期宇宙中的一阶相变是粒子物理学标准模型的许多扩展预言,可以为宇宙重子不对称的动力学解释提供所需的平衡偏离。它们还可能产生未来天基探测器(如激光干涉仪空间天线)可观测到的频率的引力波。引力波功率谱的所有计算都依赖于科尔曼和林德提出的卡恩-希利亚德和朗格经典成核理论的相对论版本。在实验室中可以实现的高纯度以及对压力和温度的精确控制使得超流体(^3\)He的一阶A到B转变成为检验经典成核理论的理想选择。正如莱格特(Leggett)和其他人所指出的,该理论明显失败了。可蜕变的A相的寿命是可测量的,通常是几分钟到几小时,远远快于经典成核理论的预测。如果 B 相从过冷的 A 相成核是由于一种新的、快速的内在机制,这将对一阶宇宙学相变以及早期宇宙引力波产生的预测产生影响。在这里,我们讨论了对\(^3\)He中A-B相转变动力学的实验和理论研究,并展示了如何利用宇宙学相变计算技术来模拟A-B转变动力学,支持QUEST-DMC合作中的A-B转变实验研究,以确定和量化超纯可陨量子相中稳定相成核的机制。
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来源期刊
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
Journal of Low Temperature Physics 物理-物理:凝聚态物理
CiteScore
3.30
自引率
25.00%
发文量
245
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Low Temperature Physics publishes original papers and review articles on all areas of low temperature physics and cryogenics, including theoretical and experimental contributions. Subject areas include: Quantum solids, liquids and gases; Superfluidity; Superconductivity; Condensed matter physics; Experimental techniques; The Journal encourages the submission of Rapid Communications and Special Issues.
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