Prediction of Sudden Cardiac Death With Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Fluctuations

Abstract

Background

Conventional measures of heart rate variability (HRV) have shown only modest associations with sudden cardiac death (SCD). Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), with novel methodological developments to evaluate the short-term scaling exponent, is a potentially superior method compared to conventional HRV tools.

Objectives

In this study, the authors studied the analysis of the association between DFA and SCD.

Methods

The investigators studied the predictive value of ultra-short-term heart rate fluctuations (1-minute electrocardiogram samples) with DFA at rest and during different stages of physical exertion for incident SCD among 2,794 participants undergoing clinical exercise testing in the prospective FINCAVAS (Finnish Cardiovascular Study). The novel key DFA measure, the short-scale scaling exponent computed with second-order detrending (DFA2 α₁), was the main exposure variable. SCDs were defined by American Heart Association/European Society of Cardiology criteria using death certificates with written accounts of the events.

Results

During a median follow-up of 8.3 years (Q1-Q3: 6.4-10.5), 83 SCDs occurred. DFA2 α₁ measured at rest (but not in exercise) associated highly significantly with the risk of SCD, with 1-SD lower values associating with a 2.4-fold (Q1-Q3: 2.0-3.0) risk (P < 0.001). The results persisted when adjusting for other major risk factors for SCD, including age, cardiovascular morbidities, cardiorespiratory fitness, heart rate reduction, and left ventricular ejection fraction. Associations between conventional HRV parameters (measured at any stage of exercise or at rest) and SCD were substantially weaker and statistically nonsignificant after adjusting for other risk factors.

Conclusions

Ultra-short-term DFA2 α₁, when measured at rest, is a powerful and independent predictor of SCD. The association between DFA2 α₁ and SCD is modified by physical exertion.