From signalling oscillations to somite formation

Abstract

Periodic segmentation of vertebrate embryos or somitogenesis is regulated by a dynamic network of signalling pathways. Signalling gradients determine the spacing of the forming segments, while signalling oscillations, collectively termed the segmentation clock, ensure their regular timing. Since the segmentation clock is a paradigm of signalling dynamics at tissue level, its mechanism and function have been the topic of many studies. Recently, researchers have been able to analyse and quantify these signalling dynamics with unprecedented precision, revealing the complexity of interlinked oscillations and tissue-wide dynamics throughout development. Initial studies have shown how the interplay between signalling dynamics and cellular mechanics drive the periodic formation of segments. Looking ahead, new techniques such as in vitro stem cell-based models of (human) embryonic development will enable detailed investigations into the mechanisms of somitogenesis.