Vitamin D3 supplementation in COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disease and gut dysbiosis

Abstract

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of particular patient groups to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including those with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and intestinal dysbiosis. COVID-19 affects the gut, suggesting diet and vitamin D3 supplementation may affect disease progression.

Aims

To evaluate levels of Ang II and Ang-(1–7), cytokine profile, and gut microbiota status in patients hospitalized for mild COVID-19 with a history of cardiovascular disease and treated with daily doses of vitamin D3.

Methods

We recruited 50 adult patients. We screened 50 adult patients and accessed pathophysiology study 22, randomized to daily oral doses of 10,000 IU vitamin D3 (n = 11) or placebo (n = 11). Plasma levels of Ang II and Ang-(1–7) were determined by radioimmunoassay, TMA and TMAO were measured by liquid chromatography and interleukins (ILs) 6, 8, 10 and TNF-α by ELISA.

Results

The Ang-(1–7)/Ang II ratio, as an indirect measure of ACE2 enzymatic activity, increased in the vitamin D3 group (24 ± 5 pg/mL vs. 4.66 ± 2 pg/mL, p < 0.01). Also, in the vitamin D3-treated, there was a significant decline in inflammatory ILs and an increase in protective markers, such as a substantial reduction in TMAO (5 ± 2 μmoles/dL vs. 60 ± 10 μmoles/dL, p < 0.01). In addition, treated patients experienced less severity of infection, required less intensive care, had fewer days of hospitalization, and a reduced mortality rate. Additionally, improvements in markers of cardiovascular function were seen in the vitamin D3 group, including a tendency for reductions in blood pressure in hypertensive patients.

Conclusions

Vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with COVID-19 and specific conditions is associated with a more favourable prognosis, suggesting therapeutic potential in patients with comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and gut dysbiosis.