Recent Advances in Organic Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Zinc Ions (Zn2+).

Abstract

Zinc(II) ions (Zn^2g) play crucial roles in the growth, propagation, and metabolism of animals, plants, and humans. Abnormal concentrations of Zn²⁺ in the environment and living organisms pose potential risks to environmental protection and human health. Therefore, it is imperative to develop rapid, reliable and in-situ detection methods for Zn²⁺ in both environmental and biological contexts. Furthermore, effective analytical methods are required for diagnosing diseases and understanding physiological metabolic mechanisms associated with Zn²⁺ concentration levels. Organic small-molecule fluorescent probes offer advantages such as fast, reliable, convenient, non-destructive detection capabilities and have significant application potential in Zn²⁺ detection and bioimaging; thus garnering extensive attention. Over the past two years alone, various organic small-molecule probes for Zn²⁺ based on different detection mechanisms and fluorophores have been rapidly developed. However, these probes still exhibit several limitations that need further resolution. In light of this context, we provide a comprehensive summary of the detection mechanisms, performance characteristics, and application scope of Zn²⁺ fluorescence probes since year 2022 while highlighting their advantages. We also propose solutions to address existing issues with these probes and outline future directions for their advancement. This review aims to serve as a valuable reference source offering insights into the development of advanced organic small-molecule-based fluorescence probes specifically designed for detecting Zn²⁺.