Rethinking Aspergillosis in the Era of Microbiota and Mycobiota.

IF 3.6 3区 生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY
Aleksandra Barac, Ankica Vujovic, Jovan Peric, Ivan Tulic, Maja Stojanovic, Mihailo Stjepanovic
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Abstract

Aspergillosis encompasses a wide range of clinical conditions based on the interaction between Aspergillus and the host. It ranges from colonization to invasive aspergillosis. The human lung provides an entry door for Aspergillus. Aspergillus has virulence characteristics such as conidia, rapid growth at body temperature, and the production of specific proteins, carbohydrates, and secondary metabolites that allow A. fumigatus to infiltrate the lung's alveoli and cause invasive aspergillosis. Alveolar epithelial cells play an important role in both fungus clearance and immune cell recruitment via cytokine release. Although the innate immune system quickly clears conidia in immunocompetent hosts, A. fumigatus has evolved multiple virulence factors in order to escape immune response such as ROS detoxifying enzymes, the rodlet layer, DHN-melanin and toxins. Bacterial co-infections or interactions can alter the immune response, impact Aspergillus growth and virulence, enhance biofilm formation, confound diagnosis, and reduce treatment efficacy. The gut microbiome's makeup influences pulmonary immune responses generated by A. fumigatus infection and vice versa. The real-time PCR for Aspergillus DNA detection might be a particularly useful tool to diagnose pulmonary aspergillosis. Metagenomics analyses allow quick and easy detection and identification of a great variety of fungi in different clinical samples, although optimization is still required particularly for the use of NGS techniques. This review will analyze the current state of aspergillosis in light of recent discoveries in the microbiota and mycobiota.

Abstract Image

在微生物群和霉菌生物群时代重新思考曲霉菌病。
曲霉菌病包括各种基于曲霉菌与宿主相互作用的临床症状。它包括从定植到侵袭性曲霉菌病。人的肺部是曲霉菌的入口。曲霉菌具有分生孢子、在体温下快速生长以及产生特定蛋白质、碳水化合物和次生代谢物等毒力特征,这些特征使得烟曲霉菌能够渗入肺泡并引起侵袭性曲霉菌病。肺泡上皮细胞在清除真菌和通过释放细胞因子招募免疫细胞方面都发挥着重要作用。虽然先天性免疫系统能迅速清除免疫功能正常宿主的分生孢子,但烟曲霉已进化出多种毒力因子,以逃避免疫反应,如 ROS 解毒酶、小杆层、DHN-黑色素和毒素。细菌合并感染或相互作用会改变免疫反应,影响曲霉菌的生长和毒力,促进生物膜的形成,混淆诊断并降低治疗效果。肠道微生物组的构成会影响烟曲霉感染产生的肺部免疫反应,反之亦然。用于检测曲霉菌 DNA 的实时 PCR 可能是诊断肺曲霉菌病的一种特别有用的工具。元基因组学分析可快速、简便地检测和鉴定不同临床样本中的多种真菌,但仍需优化,特别是在使用 NGS 技术时。本综述将根据微生物群和真菌生物群的最新发现分析曲霉菌病的现状。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Mycopathologia
Mycopathologia 生物-真菌学
CiteScore
6.80
自引率
3.60%
发文量
76
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Mycopathologia is an official journal of the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS). Mycopathologia was founded in 1938 with the mission to ‘diffuse the understanding of fungal diseases in man and animals among mycologists’. Many of the milestones discoveries in the field of medical mycology have been communicated through the pages of this journal. Mycopathologia covers a diverse, interdisciplinary range of topics that is unique in breadth and depth. The journal publishes peer-reviewed, original articles highlighting important developments concerning medically important fungi and fungal diseases. The journal highlights important developments in fungal systematics and taxonomy, laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections, antifungal drugs, clinical presentation and treatment, and epidemiology of fungal diseases globally. Timely opinion articles, mini-reviews, and other communications are usually invited at the discretion of the editorial board. Unique case reports highlighting unprecedented progress in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections, are published in every issue of the journal. MycopathologiaIMAGE is another regular feature for a brief clinical report of potential interest to a mixed audience of physicians and laboratory scientists. MycopathologiaGENOME is designed for the rapid publication of new genomes of human and animal pathogenic fungi using a checklist-based, standardized format.
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