3D Puzzle at the Nanoscale–How do RNA Viruses Self-Assemble their Capsids into Perfectly Ordered Structures

IF 4.4 4区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Martyna Kordys, Anna Urbanowicz
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Abstract

The phenomenon of RNA virus self-organization, first observed in the mid-20th century in tobacco mosaic virus, is the subject of extensive research. Efforts to comprehend this process intensify due to its potential for producing vaccines or antiviral compounds as well as nanocarriers and nanotemplates. However, direct observation of the self-assembly is hindered by its prevalence within infected host cells. One of the approaches involves in vitro and in silico research using model viruses featuring a ssRNA(+) genome enclosed within a capsid made up of a single type protein. While various pathways are proposed based on these studies, their relevance in vivo remains uncertain. On the other hand, the development of advanced microscopic methods provide insights into the events within living cells, where following viral infection, specialized compartments form to facilitate the creation of nascent virions. Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that the primary function of packaging signals in viral RNA is to effectively initiate the virion self-assembly. This is in contrast to earlier opinions suggesting a role in marking RNA for encapsidation. Another noteworthy observation is that many viruses undergo self-assembly within membraneless liquid organelles, which are specifically induced by viral proteins.

Abstract Image

纳米尺度上的三维难题--RNA 病毒如何将其外壳自我组装成完美有序的结构?
20 世纪中期,人们首次在烟草花叶病毒中观察到 RNA 病毒自组织现象,目前这一现象已成为广泛研究的主题。由于这一过程具有生产疫苗或抗病毒化合物以及纳米载体和纳米模板的潜力,人们正在加紧努力理解这一过程。然而,由于自组装在受感染的宿主细胞中普遍存在,因此阻碍了对自组装的直接观察。其中一种方法是使用模型病毒进行体外和硅学研究,这种病毒的特点是ssRNA(+)基因组被包裹在由单一类型蛋白质组成的囊壳内。虽然根据这些研究提出了各种途径,但它们在体内的相关性仍不确定。另一方面,先进显微镜方法的发展使人们对活细胞内的事件有了更深入的了解,在活细胞内,病毒感染后会形成专门的区室,以促进新生病毒的产生。耐人寻味的是,越来越多的证据表明,病毒 RNA 中包装信号的主要功能是有效启动病毒的自我组装。这与早先的观点形成了鲜明对比,早先的观点认为包装信号的作用是标记 RNA 进行封装。另一个值得注意的现象是,许多病毒在无膜液体细胞器内进行自组装,而这些细胞器是由病毒蛋白特异性诱导的。本文受版权保护。保留所有权利。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Macromolecular bioscience
Macromolecular bioscience 生物-材料科学:生物材料
CiteScore
7.90
自引率
2.20%
发文量
211
审稿时长
1.5 months
期刊介绍: Macromolecular Bioscience is a leading journal at the intersection of polymer and materials sciences with life science and medicine. With an Impact Factor of 2.895 (2018 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2019)), it is currently ranked among the top biomaterials and polymer journals. Macromolecular Bioscience offers an attractive mixture of high-quality Reviews, Feature Articles, Communications, and Full Papers. With average reviewing times below 30 days, publication times of 2.5 months and listing in all major indices, including Medline, Macromolecular Bioscience is the journal of choice for your best contributions at the intersection of polymer and life sciences.
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