Pharmacophore-based, rationale design, and efficient synthesis of novel tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene candidates as potential dual Topo I/II inhibitors and DNA intercalators

Abstract

A series of tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene derivatives was designed and synthesized as dual topoisomerase (Topo) I/II inhibitors implicating potential DNA intercalation. Ethyl-2-amino-3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-4-carboxylate (1) was prepared by modification of the Gewald reaction procedure using a Fe₂O₃ nanocatalyst and then it was used as a building block for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene candidates (2–14). Interestingly, compound 14 showed the best cytotoxic potential against hepatocellular, colorectal, and breast cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ = 7.79, 8.10, and 3.53 µM), respectively, surpassing doxorubicin at breast cancer (IC₅₀ = 4.17 µM). Meanwhile, the Topo I and II inhibition assay displayed that compound 3 could exhibit the best inhibitory potential among the investigated candidates (IC₅₀ = 25.26 and 10.01 nM), respectively, in comparison to camptothecin (IC₅₀ = 28.34 nM) and doxorubicin (IC₅₀ = 11.01 nM), as reference standards. In addition, the DNA intercalation assay showed that compound 14 could display the best binding affinity with an IC₅₀ value of 77.82 µM in comparison to doxorubicin (IC₅₀ = 58.03 µM). Furthermore, cell cycle and apoptosis analyses described that compound 3 prompts the G1 phase arrest in michigan cancer foundation-7 cancer cells and increases the apoptosis ratio by 29.31% with respect to untreated cells (2.25%). Additionally, the conducted molecular docking assured the promising binding of the investigated members toward Topo I and II with potential DNA intercalation. Accordingly, the synthesized compounds could be treated as promising anticancer candidates for future optimization.