The balance between accumulation and loss of soil organic matter in subarctic forest is related to ratios of saprotrophic, ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal fungal guilds

Abstract

Free-living saprotrophic fungi and symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi affect organic matter dynamics differently because of contrasting ecological adaptations. We investigated how mass-loss, C:N-ratio and stable isotope dynamics of leaf litter and humus substrates depended on presence of living tree roots and associated fungal communities in a forest-to-tundra ecotone over three years. Litter mass-loss was stimulated by tree roots, contrary to a Gadgil effect. Increases in the litter nitrogen pool and δ¹⁵N suggested import of nitrogen from deeper soil by the dominating saprotrophic fungi. Over time, humus first lost, then gained, mass, and corresponding shifts in δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C suggested fluctuating pools of fine roots and fungal mycelium. Ectomycorrhizal tree roots consistently reduced longer-term humus mass-gain, counteracting positive effects of ericoid roots and associated fungi. Across all substrates, mass dynamics correlated with the balance between ectomycorrhizal and litter-saprotrophic fungi, both linked to mass-loss, and ericaceous shrubs and associated fungi, linked to mass-gain.