The Risk of Virus Emergence in South America: A Subtle Balance Between Increasingly Favorable Conditions and a Protective Environment.

IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY
Annual Review of Virology Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-30 DOI:10.1146/annurev-virology-100422-024648
Benoit de Thoisy, Tiago Gräf, Daniel Santos Mansur, Adriana Delfraro, Claudia Nunes Duarte Dos Santos
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

South American ecosystems host astonishing biodiversity, with potentially great richness in viruses. However, these ecosystems have not yet been the source of any widespread, epidemic viruses. Here we explore a set of putative causes that may explain this apparent paradox. We discuss that human presence in South America is recent, beginning around 14,000 years ago; that few domestications of native species have occurred; and that successive immigration events associated with Old World virus introductions reduced the likelihood of spillovers and adaptation of local viruses into humans. Also, the diversity and ecological characteristics of vertebrate hosts might serve as protective factors. Moreover, although forest areas remained well preserved until recently, current brutal, sudden, and large-scale clear cuts through the forest have resulted in nearly no ecotones, which are essential for creating an adaptive gradient of microbes, hosts, and vectors. This may be temporarily preventing virus emergence. Nevertheless, the mid-term effect of such drastic changes in habitats and landscapes, coupled with explosive urbanization and climate changes, must not be overlooked by health authorities.

南美洲出现病毒的风险:日益有利的条件与保护性环境之间的微妙平衡。
南美洲的生态系统拥有惊人的生物多样性,可能蕴藏着丰富的病毒。然而,这些生态系统尚未成为任何大范围流行病毒的来源。在此,我们探讨了一系列可能解释这一明显悖论的原因。我们讨论了人类进入南美洲的时间较晚,大约始于 1.4 万年前;本地物种很少被驯化;与旧世界病毒引入相关的连续移民事件降低了本地病毒外溢和适应人类的可能性。此外,脊椎动物宿主的多样性和生态特征也可能成为保护因素。此外,虽然森林地区直到最近仍保存完好,但目前野蛮、突然和大规模的森林砍伐导致几乎没有生态区,而生态区是形成微生物、宿主和病媒适应梯度的关键。这可能暂时阻止了病毒的出现。然而,卫生部门决不能忽视这种栖息地和地貌的剧烈变化,以及爆炸性的城市化和气候变化所带来的中期影响。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
19.40
自引率
0.90%
发文量
28
期刊介绍: The Annual Review of Virology serves as a conduit for disseminating thrilling advancements in our comprehension of viruses spanning animals, plants, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa. Its reviews illuminate novel concepts and trajectories in basic virology, elucidating viral disease mechanisms, exploring virus-host interactions, and scrutinizing cellular and immune responses to virus infection. These reviews underscore the exceptional capacity of viruses as potent probes for investigating cellular function.
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