The Use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model for Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: What Have We Learned?

IF 9.1 1区 农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES
Annual review of phytopathology Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-22 DOI:10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-113539
Mirela C Coke, Christopher A Bell, P E Urwin
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Nematoda is a diverse phylum that is estimated to contain more than a million species. More than 4,100 of these species have the ability to parasitize plants and cause agricultural losses estimated at US $173 billion annually. This has led to considerable research into their biology to minimize crop losses via control methods. At the infancy of plant-parasitic nematode molecular biology, researchers compared nematode genomes, genes, and biological processes to the model nematode species Caenorhabditis elegans, which is a free-living bacterial feeder. This well-annotated and researched model nematode assisted the molecular biology research, e.g., with genome assemblies, of plant-parasitic nematodes. However, as research into these plant parasites progressed, the necessity of relying on the free-living relative as a reference has reduced. This is partly driven by revealing the considerable divergence between the two types of nematodes both genomically and anatomically, forcing comparisons to be redundant as well as the increased quality of molecular plant nematology proposing more suitable model organisms for this clade of nematode. The major irregularity between the two types of nematodes is the unique anatomical structure and effector repertoire that plant nematodes utilize to establish parasitism, which C. elegans lacks, therefore reducing its value as a heterologous system to investigate parasitic processes. Despite this, C. elegans remains useful for investigating conserved genes via its utility as an expression system because of the current inability to transform plant-parasitic nematodes. Unfortunately, owing to the expertise that this requires, it is not a common and/or accessible tool. Furthermore, we believe that the application of C. elegans as an expression system for plant nematodes will be redundant once tools are established for stable reverse-genetics in these plant parasites. This will remove the restraints on molecular plant nematology and allow it to excel on par with the capabilities of C. elegans research.

利用秀丽隐杆线虫作为植物寄生线虫的模型:我们学到了什么?
线虫纲是一个种类繁多的门类,估计包含 100 多万个物种。其中 4,100 多种具有寄生植物的能力,每年造成的农业损失估计达 1,730 亿美元。因此,人们对它们的生物学特性进行了大量研究,以便通过控制方法将作物损失降到最低。在植物寄生线虫分子生物学研究的起步阶段,研究人员将线虫的基因组、基因和生物过程与线虫模式物种秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)进行了比较。这种已被详细注释和研究的模式线虫有助于分子生物学研究,如植物寄生线虫的基因组组装。然而,随着对这些植物寄生虫研究的深入,依赖自由生活的线虫作为参考的必要性已经降低。造成这种情况的部分原因是,这两种线虫在基因组和解剖学上都存在很大差异,这就迫使比较变得多余,同时植物线虫分子学质量的提高也为这一线虫支系提出了更合适的模式生物。这两类线虫之间的主要不规则性是植物线虫利用独特的解剖结构和效应器来建立寄生关系,而 elegans 缺乏这一点,因此降低了其作为研究寄生过程的异源系统的价值。尽管如此,由于目前无法对植物寄生线虫进行转化,秀丽隐杆线虫仍可作为表达系统用于研究保守基因。遗憾的是,由于转化线虫需要专业技术,它并不是一种常见和/或容易获得的工具。此外,我们认为,一旦在这些植物寄生虫中建立起稳定的反向遗传学工具,将优雅蛇作为植物线虫表达系统的应用将是多余的。这将消除对分子植物线虫学的束缚,使其与线虫研究的能力并驾齐驱。
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来源期刊
Annual review of phytopathology
Annual review of phytopathology 生物-植物科学
CiteScore
16.60
自引率
1.00%
发文量
19
期刊介绍: The Annual Review of Phytopathology, established in 1963, covers major advancements in plant pathology, including plant disease diagnosis, pathogens, host-pathogen Interactions, epidemiology and ecology, breeding for resistance and plant disease management, and includes a special section on the development of concepts. The journal is now open access through Annual Reviews' Subscribe to Open program, with articles published under a CC BY license.
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