Comparison of the effect of bacterial stimulation on the global epigenetic landscape and transcription of immune genes in primarily zoophilic members of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae)

IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Nashrin F. Patel , Blaženka D. Letinić , Leanne Lobb , Jacek Zawada , Dumsani M. Dlamini , Nondumiso Mabaso , Givemore Munhenga , Shüné V. Oliver
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Members of the Anopheles gambiae complex vary in their vector competence, and this is often attributed to behavioural differences. Similarly, there are differences in transmission capabilities of the zoophilic members of this complex despite exhibiting similar behaviours. Therefore, behavioural differences alone cannot fully explain vector competence variation within members of the An. gambiae complex. The immune system of mosquitoes plays a key role in determining susceptibility to parasite infection and consequently transmission capacity. This study aimed to examine variations in the immune response of An. arabiensis, An. merus and An. quadriannulatus, a major, minor, and non-vector respectively. The global epigenetic landscape was characterised and the expression of Defensin-1 and Gambicin was assessed in response to Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial infections. The effect of insecticide resistance in An. arabiensis on these aspects was also assessed. The immune system was stimulated by a blood-borne bacterial supplementation. The 5mC, 5hmC, m6A methylation levels and Histone Acetyl Transferase activity were assessed with commercial ELISA kits. The transcript levels of Defensin-1 and Gambicin were assessed by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Species-specific differences in 5mC and m6A methylation existed both constitutively as well as post immune stimulation. The epigenetic patterns observed in the laboratory strains were largely conserved in F1 offspring of wild-caught adults. The methylation patterns in the major vector typically differed from that of the minor/non-vectors. The differences between insecticide susceptible and resistant An. arabiensis were more reflected in the expression of Defensin-1 and Gambicin. The expression of these peptides differed in the strains only after bacterial stimulation. Anopheles merus and An. quadriannulatus expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial peptides, both constitutively and after immune stimulation. These findings suggest molecular variations in the immune response of members of the An. gambiae complex.

比较细菌刺激对冈比亚按蚊复合体(双翅目:恙虫科)中主要嗜动物成员的全球表观遗传景观和免疫基因转录的影响。
冈比亚按蚊复合体成员的病媒能力各不相同,这通常归因于行为差异。同样,尽管表现出相似的行为,但该种群中嗜动物成员的传播能力也存在差异。因此,仅凭行为差异并不能完全解释冈比亚疟蚊复合体成员之间的病媒能力差异。蚊子的免疫系统在决定对寄生虫感染的易感性以及传播能力方面起着关键作用。本研究旨在检测阿拉伯疟蚊(An. arabiensis)、小疟蚊(An. merus)和大疟蚊(An. quadriannulatus)的免疫反应变化。对全球表观遗传景观进行了描述,并评估了防御素-1和甘比星在革兰氏阳性(化脓性链球菌)和革兰氏阴性(大肠杆菌)细菌感染时的表达情况。还评估了阿拉伯蚂蚁对杀虫剂的抗药性对这些方面的影响。通过补充血液中的细菌来刺激免疫系统。使用商业 ELISA 试剂盒评估了 5mC、5hmC、m6A 甲基化水平和组蛋白乙酰转移酶活性。Defensin-1 和 Gambicin 的转录水平通过定量实时聚合酶链式反应进行评估。5mC和m6A甲基化在构成过程中和免疫刺激后都存在物种特异性差异。在实验室菌株中观察到的表观遗传模式在野生成虫的 F1 后代中基本保持不变。主要病媒的甲基化模式通常与次要/非病媒不同。对杀虫剂易感和抗性阿拉伯蚂蚁之间的差异更多地体现在防御素-1 和甘比星的表达上。只有在细菌刺激后,这些肽的表达才会出现差异。Anopheles merus和An. quadriannulatus表达的抗菌肽水平明显更高,无论是组成型还是免疫刺激后。这些发现表明冈比亚疟原虫复合体成员的免疫反应存在分子差异。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
51
审稿时长
63 days
期刊介绍: The journal provides a medium for rapid publication of investigations of the molecular biology and biochemistry of parasitic protozoa and helminths and their interactions with both the definitive and intermediate host. The main subject areas covered are: • the structure, biosynthesis, degradation, properties and function of DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and small molecular-weight substances • intermediary metabolism and bioenergetics • drug target characterization and the mode of action of antiparasitic drugs • molecular and biochemical aspects of membrane structure and function • host-parasite relationships that focus on the parasite, particularly as related to specific parasite molecules. • analysis of genes and genome structure, function and expression • analysis of variation in parasite populations relevant to genetic exchange, pathogenesis, drug and vaccine target characterization, and drug resistance. • parasite protein trafficking, organelle biogenesis, and cellular structure especially with reference to the roles of specific molecules • parasite programmed cell death, development, and cell division at the molecular level.
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