316L Reinforced with Tungsten Carbide Particles by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition: Interface Microstructure and Friction-Wear Performance

Abstract

In order to enhance the hardness and wear resistance of 316L alloy, a strengthening phase was incorporated and laser-directed energy deposition was utilized to create a composite deposition layer consisting of coarse WC/316L, fine WC/316L, and coarse/fine WC/316L. Microstructural observations, phase composition analysis, Vickers hardness testing, interfacial coupling analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and evaluation of friction-wear performance were systematically performed on the deposited samples. These investigations were undertaken to elucidate the impact of incorporating WC particles on both microstructural features and wear characteristics. Results showed that the average grain size of the composite deposition sample with coarse WC/316L decreased by 24% compared to 316L, with a 15.9% increase in hardness and a 97.6% decrease in wear rate. Similarly, the fine WC/316L composite deposition sample saw a 23% reduction in grain size, a 6.4% hardness increase, and a 62.4% decrease in wear rate compared to 316L. The hardness increased by 6.4%. The wear rate decreased by 62.4%. The coarse/fine WC/316L composite deposition samples exhibited a 34% decrease in average grain size, a 35.9% hardness increase, and a 99.1% decrease in wear rate compared to 316L. The addition of WC significantly enhanced the properties of 316L alloy, with coarse/fine WC showing the most significant improvements in microhardness and wear resistance.