An In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Novel Irrigant Using Next-Generation Sequencing

Abstract

Introduction

To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Triton irrigation versus 4% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) utilizing a direct contact test and an extracted tooth model.

Methods

In the first experiment, a direct contact test was conducted to compare bacterial DNA removal and microbial diversity changes following irrigation with 4% NaOCl or Triton. Hydroxyapatite and dentin discs were inoculated with subgingival human-derived dental plaque for 2 weeks utilizing the Center for Disease Control biofilm reactor and subsequently challenged with the root canal irrigants for 5 minutes. In the second experiment, teeth contaminated with a multispecies biofilm (n = 24) were assigned into two treatment groups, NaOCl or Triton irrigation. Samples were obtained for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing analysis before and after instrumentation. The Shannon and Chao1 indices were used to measure alpha diversity. The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity and ANOSIM was used to measure beta diversity. Differences in abundances of genera were evaluated using Kruskal–Wallis test with Bonferroni corrections.

Results

The direct contact test revealed no significant differences in the bacterial load based on 16S rRNA gene molecules/μL, reads, or differences in the Shannon index among groups. In the extracted tooth model, a bacterial load reduction of log₁₀ 3.08 ± 0.69 and 2.76 ± 0.91 were found for NaOCl and Triton, respectively (P = .348). Next-generation sequencing showed fewer reads, lower Chao1, and beta diversity values when pretreatment and post-treatment samples were assessed in both experimental groups (P < .0001). The Kruskal–Wallis analysis found that 17 genera of bacteria were over-represented in minimal values in the Triton post-treatment group, 14 of these genera represented less than 1% of the microbial community.

Conclusions

Both irrigants had limited antimicrobial activity in the direct contact test. When used in conjunction with mechanical instrumentation both irrigants were able to reduce the bacterial DNA load and diversity in comparison with pretreatment communities. The NaOCl irrigation, followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid flush, was more effective in decreasing DNA counts from low-abundance organisms.