Improving the Recyclability of Polymer Composites With Cellulose Nanofibrils

IF 4.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
Katie Copenhaver, Bivek Bista, Lu Wang, Samarthya Bhagia, Meghan Lamm, Xianhui Zhao, Mehdi Tajvidi, William M. Gramlich, Amber M. Hubbard, Caitlyn Clarkson, Douglas J. Gardner
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Abstract

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have been widely studied for their reinforcing potential in high-performance composites. While there are numerous publications on CNF-reinforced composites in a variety of polymer matrices, few have considered the recyclability of such thermoplastic composites and whether the incorporation of CNFs deteriorates or improves their performance upon reprocessing. In this study, two thermoplastic resins, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETg), were prepared with CNF reinforcement and thermomechanically recycled to investigate the effect of CNF inclusion on the composite properties after reprocessing as well as their effect on the composites’ number of useful life cycles. Changes in mechanical, thermal, rheological, molecular, and microstructural properties of the composites and/or base resins were monitored as a function of cycle numbers. As is typical, the polymers’ molecular weight and mechanical performance deteriorated with continued processing. However, the addition of spray dried CNF was found to better maintain the mechanical performance of both polymers throughout multiple recycling steps as compared to neat samples. For example, the tensile strength of PETg with 20 wt% CNF after 6 processing cycles was found to exceed that of virgin neat PETg, and higher loadings of CNF were found to preserve a higher yield strength during multiple rounds of reprocessing compared to PETg composites with lower CNF loadings. Ultimately this study indicates that the addition of CNF to some thermoplastic materials can increase both their sustainability by offsetting the use of high-embodied energy resins and their circularity by enabling performance retention over more use cycles.

Abstract Image

Abstract Image

利用纤维素纳米纤维提高聚合物复合材料的可回收性
人们对纤维素纳米纤维(CNF)在高性能复合材料中的增强潜力进行了广泛研究。尽管有许多关于在各种聚合物基材中使用 CNF 增强复合材料的文章,但很少有人考虑过此类热塑性复合材料的可回收性,以及 CNF 的加入是否会降低或提高其再加工性能。在本研究中,制备了添加 CNF 增强材料的聚乳酸(PLA)和乙二醇改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PETg)这两种热塑性树脂,并对其进行了热机械回收,以研究添加 CNF 对再加工后复合材料性能的影响以及对复合材料使用寿命的影响。随着循环次数的增加,对复合材料和/或基础树脂的机械、热、流变、分子和微观结构特性的变化进行了监测。通常情况下,聚合物的分子量和机械性能会随着持续加工而下降。不过,与纯样品相比,添加喷雾干燥的 CNF 可以在多个循环步骤中更好地保持两种聚合物的机械性能。例如,含有 20 wt% CNF 的 PETg 在经过 6 个加工循环后,其拉伸强度超过了纯 PETg,而且与含有较低 CNF 的 PETg 复合材料相比,较高的 CNF 含量可在多轮再加工过程中保持较高的屈服强度。这项研究最终表明,在某些热塑性材料中添加氯化萘纤维可以抵消高能耗树脂的使用,从而提高材料的可持续发展性;同时还可以在更多的使用周期中保持材料的性能,从而提高材料的循环性。
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来源期刊
Journal of Polymers and the Environment
Journal of Polymers and the Environment 工程技术-高分子科学
CiteScore
9.50
自引率
7.50%
发文量
297
审稿时长
9 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Polymers and the Environment fills the need for an international forum in this diverse and rapidly expanding field. The journal serves a crucial role for the publication of information from a wide range of disciplines and is a central outlet for the publication of high-quality peer-reviewed original papers, review articles and short communications. The journal is intentionally interdisciplinary in regard to contributions and covers the following subjects - polymers, environmentally degradable polymers, and degradation pathways: biological, photochemical, oxidative and hydrolytic; new environmental materials: derived by chemical and biosynthetic routes; environmental blends and composites; developments in processing and reactive processing of environmental polymers; characterization of environmental materials: mechanical, physical, thermal, rheological, morphological, and others; recyclable polymers and plastics recycling environmental testing: in-laboratory simulations, outdoor exposures, and standardization of methodologies; environmental fate: end products and intermediates of biodegradation; microbiology and enzymology of polymer biodegradation; solid-waste management and public legislation specific to environmental polymers; and other related topics.
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