The effects of microplastics on ionoregulatory processes in the gills of freshwater fish and invertebrates: A prospective review

IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Lauren Zink, Chris M. Wood
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

From review of the very few topical studies to date, we conclude that while effects are variable, microplastics can induce direct ionoregulatory disturbances in freshwater fish and invertebrates. However, the intensity depends on microplastic type, size, concentration, and exposure regime. More numerous are studies where indirect inferences about possible ionoregulatory effects can be drawn; these indicate increased mucus production, altered breathing, histopathological effects on gill structure, oxidative stress, and alterations in molecular pathways. All of these could have negative effects on ionoregulatory homeostasis. However, previous research has suffered from a lack of standardized reporting of microplastic characteristics and exposure conditions. Often overlooked is the fact that microplastics are dynamic contaminants, changing over time through degradation and fragmentation and subsequently exhibiting altered surface chemistry, notably an increased presence and diversity of functional groups. The same functional groups characterized on microplastics are also present in dissolved organic matter, often termed dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a class of substances for which we have a far greater understanding of their ionoregulatory actions. We highlight instances in which the effects of microplastic exposure resemble those of DOC exposure. We propose that in future microplastic investigations, in vivo techniques that have proven useful in understanding the ionoregulatory effects of DOC should be used including measurements of transepithelial potential, net and unidirectional radio-isotopic ion flux rates, and concentration kinetic analyses of uptake transport. More sophisticated in vitro approaches using cultured gill epithelia, Ussing chamber experiments on gill surrogate membranes, and scanning ion selective electrode techniques (SIET) may also prove useful. Finally, in future studies we advocate for minimum reporting requirements of microplastic properties and experimental conditions to help advance this important emerging field.

Abstract Image

微塑料对淡水鱼和无脊椎动物鳃离子调节过程的影响:前瞻性综述。
通过对迄今为止为数不多的专题研究的回顾,我们得出结论:虽然微塑料对淡水鱼类和无脊椎动物的影响各不相同,但它们会直接引起离子调节紊乱。不过,其强度取决于微塑料的类型、大小、浓度和接触机制。更多的研究可以间接推断出可能的离子调节作用;这些研究表明粘液分泌增加、呼吸改变、鳃结构的组织病理学影响、氧化应激和分子通路的改变。所有这些都可能对离子调节平衡产生负面影响。然而,以往的研究缺乏对微塑料特性和暴露条件的标准化报告。经常被忽视的一个事实是,微塑料是一种动态污染物,会随着时间的推移发生降解和碎裂变化,并随之表现出改变的表面化学性质,特别是功能基团的存在和多样性增加。在溶解有机物(通常称为溶解有机碳 (DOC))中也存在微塑料上的相同功能基团,我们对这类物质的离子调节作用有更深入的了解。我们强调了微塑料暴露的影响与溶解有机碳暴露的影响相似的情况。我们建议,在未来的微塑料研究中,应采用已被证明有助于了解 DOC 的离子调节作用的体内技术,包括测量经上皮电位、净离子通量和单向放射性同位素离子通量以及吸收传输的浓度动力学分析。使用培养的鳃上皮、鳃代用膜上的乌星室实验以及扫描离子选择性电极技术(SIET)等更复杂的体外方法也可能被证明是有用的。最后,在未来的研究中,我们主张对微塑料的特性和实验条件提出最低报告要求,以帮助推进这一重要的新兴领域。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.00
自引率
4.30%
发文量
155
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology of Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. This journal covers molecular, cellular, integrative, and ecological physiology. Topics include bioenergetics, circulation, development, excretion, ion regulation, endocrinology, neurobiology, nutrition, respiration, and thermal biology. Study on regulatory mechanisms at any level of organization such as signal transduction and cellular interaction and control of behavior are also published.
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