Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in India – An Updated Review for 2024

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with chronic liver disease. As a reflection of geographical variations in India, there is significant variation in the prevalence and etiological factors of HCC. In contrast to previous studies reporting viral hepatitis as the most common etiology, recent data indicates a changing etiological pattern of cirrhosis and HCC, with alcohol and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) emerging as the foremost cause. Thus, there was a need for an updated review of the current literature and databases for the changing epidemiology and etiological spectrum of HCC in India. The review included data primarily from the National Cancer Registry Program and the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, with the inclusion of other studies from India. The highlights of the present review are summarized in the following lines. Although the current incidence (2.15 per 100,000), prevalence (2.27 per 100,000), and mortality (2.21 per 100,000) rate of HCC in India remain lower compared to the global data, the annual rates of change in these parameters are higher in India. Among Indians, the present incidence, prevalence, and mortality related to HCC are higher in males, while the annual rate of change is higher in females. The Northeastern states have higher incidence, prevalence, and mortality related to HCC, but the Western states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, and Kerala are emerging as newer hotspots with higher annual rates of change in incidence, prevalence, and mortality. The incidence of HCC related to hepatitis B is on a downtrend, while those related to alcohol and MASLD are rising. Public health initiatives, awareness campaigns, and focused treatments are all necessary to combat these changes, particularly in areas with high incidence rates.