Sodium nitroprusside, a donor of nitric oxide, enhances arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with corn plant and mitigates Cd bioavailability in the rhizosphere

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been demonstrated to influence the bioavailability of heavy metals (HM) in the rhizosphere and their absorption by plants. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to increase plant tolerance to environmental stresses and promote the plant-fungal symbiotic relationship. However, to date, no research has been conducted to investigate the impact of utilizing living organisms with specific molecules that are effective in promoting plant growth in conjunction with the chemical alterations of HM in the rhizosphere. Therefore, this study was conducted as a completely randomized factorial design using the rhizobox technique to investigate whether the use of Funneliformis mosseae fungi and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100 mM) as a donor of NO, alone or in combination, can improve corn plant growth and affect the Cd fractions in the rhizosphere of Cd-contaminated soil. The results show that the inoculation of AMF and the application of SNP, either alone or in combination, significantly increased plant growth. This was achieved by reducing the bioavailable form of Cd in the rhizosphere, which in turn led to a decrease in the concentration of Cd in corn plant tissues. The inoculation of AMF, either alone or in combination with SNP, resulted in a decrease in the concentration of Cd in its exchangeable (EXCH), carbonate-bound (CAR), and Fe–Mn oxides-bound (MnOX and FeOX) forms, and an increase in its organic matter-bound (ORG) and residual (RES) forms in the rhizosphere. The study found that the rhizosphere had lower concentration of bioavailable form of Cd (EXCH-Cd (43%), CAR-Cd (9%), MnOX-CD (18%), FeOX-Cd (33%) and ORG-Cd (30%)) and higher concentration of low-toxic form of Cd (RES-Cd (56%)). This indicates the role of root exudates in the redistribution of Cd fractions in soil. The study also revealed that AMF colonization, in combination with SNP, affected the biogeochemical fractions of Cd and reduced Cd mobility in the rhizosphere. This improvement in Cd mobility led to reduced Cd accumulation in the plant tissues, resulting in improved corn plant growth.