{"title":"Experimental Examination of Additively Manufactured Patterns on Structural Nuclear Materials for Digital Image Correlation Strain Measurements","authors":"K.A. Novich, T.L. Phero, S.E. Cole, C.M. Greseth, M.D. McMurtrey, D. Estrada, B.J. Jaques","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01076-8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>There are a limited number of commercially available sensors for monitoring the deformation of materials <i>in-situ</i> during harsh environment applications, such as those found in the nuclear and aerospace industries. Such sensing devices, including weldable strain gauges, extensometers, and linear variable differential transformers, can be destructive to material surfaces being investigated and typically require relatively large surface areas to attach (> 10 mm in length). Digital image correlation (DIC) is a viable, non-contact alternative to <i>in-situ</i> strain deformation. However, it often requires implementing artificial patterns using splattering techniques, which are difficult to reproduce.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>Additive manufacturing capabilities offer consistent patterns using programmable fabrication methods.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this work, a variety of small-scale periodic patterns with different geometries were printed directly on structural nuclear materials (i.e., stainless steel and aluminum tensile specimens) using an aerosol jet printer (AJP). Unlike other additive manufacturing techniques, AJP offers the advantage of materials selection. DIC was used to track and correlate strain to alternative measurement methods during cyclic loading, and tensile tests (up to 1100 µɛ) at room temperature.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The results confirmed AJP has better control of pattern parameters for small fields of view and facilitate the ability of DIC algorithms to adequately process patterns with periodicity. More specifically, the printed 100 μm spaced dot and 150 μm spaced line patterns provided accurate measurements with a maximum error of less than 2% and 4% on aluminum samples when compared to an extensometer and commercially available strain gauges.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results highlight a new pattern fabrication technique that is form factor friendly for digital image correlation in nuclear applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1005 - 1020"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11340-024-01076-8.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Experimental Mechanics","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11340-024-01076-8","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Background
There are a limited number of commercially available sensors for monitoring the deformation of materials in-situ during harsh environment applications, such as those found in the nuclear and aerospace industries. Such sensing devices, including weldable strain gauges, extensometers, and linear variable differential transformers, can be destructive to material surfaces being investigated and typically require relatively large surface areas to attach (> 10 mm in length). Digital image correlation (DIC) is a viable, non-contact alternative to in-situ strain deformation. However, it often requires implementing artificial patterns using splattering techniques, which are difficult to reproduce.
Objective
Additive manufacturing capabilities offer consistent patterns using programmable fabrication methods.
Methods
In this work, a variety of small-scale periodic patterns with different geometries were printed directly on structural nuclear materials (i.e., stainless steel and aluminum tensile specimens) using an aerosol jet printer (AJP). Unlike other additive manufacturing techniques, AJP offers the advantage of materials selection. DIC was used to track and correlate strain to alternative measurement methods during cyclic loading, and tensile tests (up to 1100 µɛ) at room temperature.
Results
The results confirmed AJP has better control of pattern parameters for small fields of view and facilitate the ability of DIC algorithms to adequately process patterns with periodicity. More specifically, the printed 100 μm spaced dot and 150 μm spaced line patterns provided accurate measurements with a maximum error of less than 2% and 4% on aluminum samples when compared to an extensometer and commercially available strain gauges.
Conclusion
Our results highlight a new pattern fabrication technique that is form factor friendly for digital image correlation in nuclear applications.
期刊介绍：
Experimental Mechanics is the official journal of the Society for Experimental Mechanics that publishes papers in all areas of experimentation including its theoretical and computational analysis. The journal covers research in design and implementation of novel or improved experiments to characterize materials, structures and systems. Articles extending the frontiers of experimental mechanics at large and small scales are particularly welcome.
Coverage extends from research in solid and fluids mechanics to fields at the intersection of disciplines including physics, chemistry and biology. Development of new devices and technologies for metrology applications in a wide range of industrial sectors (e.g., manufacturing, high-performance materials, aerospace, information technology, medicine, energy and environmental technologies) is also covered.
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