Anthropogenic gadolinium in the Tone River (Japan): an update showing a 7.7-fold increase from 1996 to 2020.

IF 3.7 Q1 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING
Soma Kumasaka, A Adhipatria P Kartamihardja, Yuka Kumasaka, Satomi Kameo, Hiroshi Koyama, Yoshito Tsushima
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd), originating from Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is widely identified in the aquatic environment with concerns about toxicity and accumulation. We aimed to present new data on anthropogenic Gd in the Tone River, which has the largest drainage area in Japan, and then to compare the current data with those obtained in 1996.

Methods: The water samples were collected on August 9-10, 2020, at 15 different locations of the Tone River in Japan. The concentrations of the rare earth elements (REEs) were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and normalized to Post-Archean Australian Shale to construct shale-normalized REE patterns. The degree of Gd-anomaly was defined as the percentage of anthropogenic Gd to the geogenic background and used to compare the water samples from different locations. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated.

Results: All the samples displayed positive Gd anomalies. The Gd-anomaly ranged from 121 to 6,545% and displayed a repeating decrease-and-increase trend. The Gd-anomaly showed strong positive correlations to the number of hospitals (r = 0.88; p < 0.001) and their MRI units (r = 0.89; p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Our study revealed notable anomalies of Gd concentrations in river water in Japan, with strong positive correlations to the number of major hospitals and their MRI units. Compared with the previous report in 2000, the Gd-anomaly in Tone River increased from 851% (sampled in 1996) to 6,545%, i.e., 7.7 times, reflecting the increased use of GBCAs in hospitals.

Relevance statement: Notable Gd concentration anomalies in river water in Japan were observed. This result underlines the importance of more extensive research on anthropogenic gadolinium, and investigations of risks to human health as well as the development of effective removal technologies may be necessary.

Key points: • All water samples from Tone River displayed positive Gd anomalies. • The Gd anomalies increased to 7.7 times higher over the past 24 years. • Correlations between Gd values and the number of hospitals and MRI units were observed.

Abstract Image

利根川(日本)中的人为钆:最新数据显示从 1996 年到 2020 年增加了 7.7 倍。
背景:人为钆(Gd)来源于磁共振成像(MRI)中使用的钆基造影剂(GBCA),在水生环境中被广泛发现,其毒性和蓄积性令人担忧。我们的目的是提供日本排水面积最大的利根川中人为钆的新数据,然后将当前数据与 1996 年获得的数据进行比较:方法:2020 年 8 月 9-10 日在日本利根川的 15 个不同地点采集了水样。方法:2020 年 8 月 9-10 日在日本利根川 15 个不同地点采集了水样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测量了稀土元素(REE)的浓度,并将其归一化为后阿尔川澳大利亚页岩,从而构建了页岩归一化稀土元素模式。钆异常程度被定义为人为钆占地质背景的百分比,用于比较不同地点的水样。计算了皮尔逊相关系数:结果:所有样本都显示了正的钆异常。钆异常值介于 121% 到 6,545% 之间,并呈反复下降和上升趋势。钆异常与医院数量(r = 0.88;p < 0.001)和磁共振成像单位(r = 0.89;p < 0.001)呈强烈的正相关:我们的研究揭示了日本河水中钆浓度的显著异常,与主要医院及其核磁共振成像室的数量呈强正相关。与 2000 年的上一份报告相比,利根川的钆异常值从 851%(1996 年采样)增加到 6545%,即 7.7 倍,这反映了医院中 GBCAs 使用量的增加:在日本的河水中发现了明显的钆浓度异常。这一结果凸显了对人为钆进行更广泛研究的重要性,可能有必要调查对人类健康的风险并开发有效的去除技术:- 通河的所有水样都显示出钆的阳性异常。- 在过去的 24 年中,钆异常值增加了 7.7 倍。- 钆值与医院和核磁共振成像单位的数量之间存在相关性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
European Radiology Experimental
European Radiology Experimental Medicine-Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
CiteScore
6.70
自引率
2.60%
发文量
56
审稿时长
18 weeks
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