Assessment of water quality using entropy-weighted quality index, statistical methods and electrical resistivity tomography, Moti village, northern Pakistan

IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Umair Bin Nisar , Wajeeh ur Rehman , Saher Saleem , Kashif Taufail , Faizan ur Rehman , Muhammad Farooq , Siddique Akhtar Ehsan
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In this study, twenty-two water samples were collected from boreholes (BH), and streams to evaluate drinking water quality, its distribution, identification of contamination sources and apportionment for Moti village, northern Pakistan. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) is utilized to determine the level of heavy metals in water such as arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), and ferrous (Fe). Groundwater chemistry and its quantitative driving factors were further explored using multivariate statistical methods, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) models. Finally, a total of eight electrical resistivity tomographs (ERTs) were acquired across i) the highly contaminated streams; ii) the villages far away from contaminated streams; and iii) across the freshwater stream. In the Moti village, the mean levels (mg/l) of heavy metals in water samples were 7.2465 (As), 0.4971 (Zn), 0.5056 (Pb), 0.0422 (Cu), 0.0279 (Cd), 0.1579 (Mn), and 0.9253 (Fe) that exceeded the permissible limit for drinking water (such as 0.010 for As and Pb, 3.0 for Zn, 0.003 for Cd and 0.3 for Fe) established by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2008). The average entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI) of 200, heavy metal pollution index (HPI) of 175, heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) of 1.6 values reveal inferior water quality in the study area. Human health risk assessment, consisting of hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), exceeded the risk threshold (>1),indicating prevention of groundwater usage. Results obtained from the PCA and PMF models indicated anthropogenic sources (i.e. industrial and solid waste) responsible for the high concentration of heavy metals in the surface and groundwater. The ERTs imaged the subsurface down to about 40 m depths and show the least resistivity values (<11 Ωm) for subsurface layers that are highly contaminated. However, the ERTs revealed relatively high resistivity values for subsurface layers containing fresh or less contaminated water. Filtering and continuous monitoring of the quality of drinking water in the village are highly recommended.

利用熵加权质量指数、统计方法和电阻率层析成像法评估巴基斯坦北部莫蒂村的水质
本研究从钻孔(BH)和溪流中采集了 22 份水样,以评估巴基斯坦北部莫蒂村的饮用水水质、水样分布、污染源识别和比例。利用原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)测定水中重金属的含量,如砷(As)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)、锰(Mn)和亚铁(Fe)。利用多元统计方法、主成分分析(PCA)和正矩阵因式分解(PMF)模型对地下水化学及其定量驱动因素进行了进一步探索。最后,共采集了 8 个电阻率层析成像图(ERT),分别横跨 i) 高污染溪流;ii) 远离污染溪流的村庄;iii) 淡水溪流。在莫蒂村,水样中重金属的平均含量(毫克/升)分别为 7.2465(砷)、0.4971(锌)、0.5056(铅)、0.0422(铜)、0.0279(镉)、0.1579(锰)和 0.9253(铁)。9253(铁)超过了世界卫生组织(世卫组织,2008 年)规定的饮用水允许限值(如砷和铅为 0.010,锌为 3.0,镉为 0.003,铁为 0.3)。平均熵加权水质指数 (EWQI) 为 200,重金属污染指数 (HPI) 为 175,重金属评价指数 (HEI) 为 1.6,这表明研究区域的水质较差。由危害商数(HQ)和危害指数(HI)组成的人类健康风险评估结果超过了风险阈值(1),表明应防止使用地下水。PCA 和 PMF 模型得出的结果表明,地表水和地下水中的高浓度重金属是人为来源(即工业废物和固体废物)造成的。ERT 对地下深达约 40 米的地层进行了成像,并显示高度污染的地下地层的电阻率值最小(11 Ωm)。然而,在含有淡水或污染程度较低的地下水层,ERT 显示的电阻率值相对较高。强烈建议对村里的饮用水进行过滤和持续监测。
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来源期刊
Journal of contaminant hydrology
Journal of contaminant hydrology 环境科学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
6.80
自引率
2.80%
发文量
129
审稿时长
68 days
期刊介绍: The Journal of Contaminant Hydrology is an international journal publishing scientific articles pertaining to the contamination of subsurface water resources. Emphasis is placed on investigations of the physical, chemical, and biological processes influencing the behavior and fate of organic and inorganic contaminants in the unsaturated (vadose) and saturated (groundwater) zones, as well as at groundwater-surface water interfaces. The ecological impacts of contaminants transported both from and to aquifers are of interest. Articles on contamination of surface water only, without a link to groundwater, are out of the scope. Broad latitude is allowed in identifying contaminants of interest, and include legacy and emerging pollutants, nutrients, nanoparticles, pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, protozoa), microplastics, and various constituents associated with energy production (e.g., methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide). The journal''s scope embraces a wide range of topics including: experimental investigations of contaminant sorption, diffusion, transformation, volatilization and transport in the surface and subsurface; characterization of soil and aquifer properties only as they influence contaminant behavior; development and testing of mathematical models of contaminant behaviour; innovative techniques for restoration of contaminated sites; development of new tools or techniques for monitoring the extent of soil and groundwater contamination; transformation of contaminants in the hyporheic zone; effects of contaminants traversing the hyporheic zone on surface water and groundwater ecosystems; subsurface carbon sequestration and/or turnover; and migration of fluids associated with energy production into groundwater.
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