The impacts of water quality on the amphibian chytrid fungal pathogen: A systematic review

IF 3.6 4区 生物学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Adeline Chew, Matt West, Lee Berger, Laura A. Brannelly
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Abstract

The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has caused declines of amphibians worldwide. Yet our understanding of how water quality influences fungal pathogenicity is limited. Here, we reviewed experimental studies on the effect of water quality on this pathogen to determine which parameters impacted disease dynamics consistently. The strongest evidence for protective effects is salinity which shows strong antifungal properties in hosts at natural levels. Although many fungicides had detrimental effects on the fungal pathogen in vitro, their impact on the host is variable and they can worsen infection outcomes. However, one fungicide, epoxiconazole, reduced disease effects experimentally and likely in the field. While heavy metals are frequently studied, there is weak evidence that they influence infection outcomes. Nitrogen and phosphorous do not appear to impact pathogen growth or infection in the amphibian host. The effects of other chemicals, like pesticides and disinfectants on infection were mostly unclear with mixed results or lacking an in vivo component. Our study shows that water chemistry does impact disease dynamics, but the effects of specific parameters require more investigation. Improving our understanding of how water chemistry influences disease dynamics will help predict the impact of chytridiomycosis, especially in amphibian populations affected by land use changes.

水质对两栖动物糜烂真菌病原体的影响:系统综述。
致病真菌 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 已导致全球两栖动物数量下降。然而,我们对水质如何影响真菌致病性的了解还很有限。在此,我们回顾了有关水质对这种病原体影响的实验研究,以确定哪些参数会持续影响疾病的动态。盐度是产生保护作用的最有力证据,在自然水平下,盐度对宿主有很强的抗真菌作用。虽然许多杀真菌剂在体外对真菌病原体有不利影响,但它们对宿主的影响是多变的,而且会加重感染结果。不过,有一种杀真菌剂环唑醇(epoxiconazole)在实验中减少了疾病的影响,在田间也可能如此。虽然重金属经常被研究,但影响感染结果的证据不足。氮和磷似乎不会影响病原体在两栖动物宿主体内的生长或感染。其他化学物质(如杀虫剂和消毒剂)对感染的影响大多不明确,结果不一,或缺乏体内成分。我们的研究表明,水化学确实会影响疾病的动态变化,但具体参数的影响还需要进一步研究。提高我们对水化学如何影响疾病动力学的认识将有助于预测糜烂性真菌病的影响,尤其是对受土地利用变化影响的两栖动物种群的影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Environmental Microbiology Reports
Environmental Microbiology Reports ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-MICROBIOLOGY
CiteScore
6.00
自引率
3.00%
发文量
91
审稿时长
3.0 months
期刊介绍: The journal is identical in scope to Environmental Microbiology, shares the same editorial team and submission site, and will apply the same high level acceptance criteria. The two journals will be mutually supportive and evolve side-by-side. Environmental Microbiology Reports provides a high profile vehicle for publication of the most innovative, original and rigorous research in the field. The scope of the Journal encompasses the diversity of current research on microbial processes in the environment, microbial communities, interactions and evolution and includes, but is not limited to, the following: the structure, activities and communal behaviour of microbial communities microbial community genetics and evolutionary processes microbial symbioses, microbial interactions and interactions with plants, animals and abiotic factors microbes in the tree of life, microbial diversification and evolution population biology and clonal structure microbial metabolic and structural diversity microbial physiology, growth and survival microbes and surfaces, adhesion and biofouling responses to environmental signals and stress factors modelling and theory development pollution microbiology extremophiles and life in extreme and unusual little-explored habitats element cycles and biogeochemical processes, primary and secondary production microbes in a changing world, microbially-influenced global changes evolution and diversity of archaeal and bacterial viruses new technological developments in microbial ecology and evolution, in particular for the study of activities of microbial communities, non-culturable microorganisms and emerging pathogens.
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