Pressure-induced hypercoordination of iodine and dimerization of I2O6H in strontium di-iodate hydrogen-iodate (Sr(IO3)2HIO3)

Abstract

In this work, we report evidence of pressure-induced changes in the crystal structure of Sr(IO)HIO connected to changes the coordination of the iodine atom and the of the configuration of HIO and IO units. The changes favor iodine hypercoordination and happen in two steps on sample compression. Firstly, at 2.5 GPa, [HIO]·[IO] complexes are formed, and secondly, at 4.5 GPa, these complexes form dimers of [HIO]·[IO]·[IO]·[HIO]. The evidence is obtained from a combined experimental and theoretical study performed up to 20 GPa. Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and optical-absorption experiments have been complemented with density-functional theory calculations, including the study of the topology of the electron density. The changes observed in the crystal structure are related to the transformation of secondary (halogen) bonds into electron-deficient multicenter bonds. The paper also discusses the effect of pressure on the compressibility of the Sr(IO)HIO crystal structure, its phonons, the electronic band gap, and the refractive index. Sr(IO)HIO was found to be highly compressible with an anisotropic compressibility. The softening of the internal I–O vibrations of IO units was also observed, together with a decrease of the band-gap energy (from 4.1 eV at 0 GPa to 3.7 eV at 20 GPa), a band-gap crossing, and a change in the topology of the band structure, with Sr(IO)HIO transforming from a direct gap semiconductor at 0 GPa to an indirect gap semiconductor beyond 6 GPa.