Ate complexes in organic synthesis: From ate reagents to ate catalysts

Abstract

The realm of application of organometallic catalysis to organic synthesis has witnessed a transformative shift in recent years, owing much to the evolution of ate complexes from mere reagents to versatile catalysts. Ate complexes, formed through the coordination of a neutral Lewis acid with an organic anionic base, have emerged as pivotal intermediates that not only facilitate organic transformations but also serve as efficient catalysts in a wide range of chemical reactions. This review presents the fascinating journey of ate complexes, highlighting their development from stoichiometric reagents to active catalysts. Historically, ate complexes were primarily regarded as stoichiometric species essential for various metal-catalyzed transformations. However, constant research has unveiled their potential as catalysts in their own right, reshaping the landscape of modern organic synthesis. In this minireview, we discuss the pivotal role of ate complexes in the evolution of organic synthesis, from their early days as reactive intermediates to their current stature as catalytic pioneers offering a glimpse into the exciting future of this dynamic field.