The Lac à l'Orignal phosphate deposit and constraints on high-quality phosphatic ore in massif-type anorthosite, Grenville Province, Canada

IF 3.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS
Sandeep Banerjee , Peir K. Pufahl , Fred J. Longstaffe
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Abstract

Phosphate is an indispensable component in the fertilizer industry. It has recently become a critical part of the green energy transition because of the demand for lithium ferro phosphate in rechargeable batteries. A significant amount of phosphate ore (∼90 %) is globally produced from sedimentary rocks. High-quality phosphate ore containing low amounts of toxic elements, however, is mostly produced from igneous carbonatite.

The Lac à l'Orignal deposit (∼1069–993 Ma), Canada, in the central Grenville Province, contains a large amount of fluorapatite (≤ 20 %) hosted in oxide-bearing norite-gabbronorite-anorthosite layered intrusions. The deposit is hosted in the Vanel Anorthosite (1080 ± 2 Ma) near the northern border of the Mattawa Anorthosite (1016 ± 2 Ma). The major host rock oxide-apatite-gabbronorite (OAGN) is primarily composed of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, fluorapatite, ilmenite, and magnetite. The Al contents of the OAGN orthopyroxene indicate that the magmatic deposit was emplaced at mid-low crustal levels (∼2.0–3.6 kbar) and reverse zoning in the OAGN plagioclase suggests <2.5 kbar of pressure change during their crystallization. An overall increase of REE + Y concentrations in the OAGN fluorapatite with decreasing their fluorapatite contents indicates that the magma went through fractional crystallization. This study suggests that high abundances (ca. > 8 %) of fluorapatite in some OAGN were produced from crystal avalanching after initial crystal settling. Antithetic correlation between the Cl content of fluorapatite and the Mg# [Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)] of coexisting orthopyroxene suggests that phosphate ores with low Cl contents are expected for OAGN that formed at the initial stages of magma crystallization. Therefore, the Mg# of the OAGN orthopyroxene provides an exploration tool for targeting phosphate ore with low Cl content, which is preferred in the production of phosphoric acid, a major intermediate feedstock for the fertilizer and green energy industries. Apatite contents in carbonatite and average P2O5 content in carbonatite melt are generally similar to those of the Lac à l'Orignal OAGN. The average concentrations of REE, and toxic metals, such as Pb, Th, and U, in the OAGN fluorapatite are, however, lower than those in apatite from carbonatite worldwide. Therefore, the apatite of the OAGN appears to be of high quality and more environmentally-friendly as a source of phosphate ore.

加拿大格勒尼维尔省 Lac à l'Orignal 磷酸盐矿床和块状正长岩中优质磷矿的制约因素
磷酸盐是化肥工业中不可或缺的成分。最近,由于充电电池对磷酸铁锂的需求,磷酸盐已成为绿色能源转型的重要组成部分。全球有大量磷矿石(90%)产自沉积岩。位于加拿大格勒维尔省中部的 Lac à l'Orignal 矿床(1069-993 Ma)含有大量氟磷灰石(≤ 20%),赋存于含氧化物的紫铁矿-闪长岩-正长岩层状侵入体中。该矿床赋存于马塔瓦正长岩(1016 ± 2 Ma)北部边界附近的Vanel正长岩(1080 ± 2 Ma)中。主要寄主岩氧化-磷灰石-辉长岩(OAGN)主要由斜长石、正长石、倩辉石、氟磷灰石、钛铁矿和磁铁矿组成。OAGN 正辉石的铝含量表明岩浆矿床是在中低地壳水平(2.0-3.6 千巴)堆积的,OAGN 斜长石的反向分带表明在其结晶过程中经历了 <2.5 千巴的压力变化。随着氟磷灰石含量的降低,OAGN氟磷灰石中的REE + Y浓度总体上升,这表明岩浆经历了分块结晶过程。这项研究表明,在一些 OAGN 中,高丰度(约 8%)的氟磷灰石是在初始晶体沉降后由晶体蜕变产生的。氟磷灰石的 Cl 含量与共生正长石的 Mg# [Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)]之间的反相关性表明,在岩浆结晶初始阶段形成的 OAGN 应具有低 Cl 含量的磷矿石。因此,OAGN 正辉石的 Mg# 为寻找 Cl 含量低的磷矿石提供了勘探工具,而 Cl 含量低的磷矿石是生产磷酸的首选,磷酸是化肥和绿色能源工业的主要中间原料。碳酸盐岩中的磷灰石含量和碳酸盐岩熔体中的平均 P2O5 含量与 Lac à l'Orignal OAGN 大致相似。不过,OAGN 萤石磷灰石中的 REE 以及 Pb、Th 和 U 等有毒金属的平均浓度低于全球碳酸盐岩中的磷灰石含量。因此,OAGN 的磷灰石作为磷矿石来源,似乎质量更高,更环保。
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来源期刊
Journal of Geochemical Exploration
Journal of Geochemical Exploration 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
7.40
自引率
7.70%
发文量
148
审稿时长
8.1 months
期刊介绍: Journal of Geochemical Exploration is mostly dedicated to publication of original studies in exploration and environmental geochemistry and related topics. Contributions considered of prevalent interest for the journal include researches based on the application of innovative methods to: define the genesis and the evolution of mineral deposits including transfer of elements in large-scale mineralized areas. analyze complex systems at the boundaries between bio-geochemistry, metal transport and mineral accumulation. evaluate effects of historical mining activities on the surface environment. trace pollutant sources and define their fate and transport models in the near-surface and surface environments involving solid, fluid and aerial matrices. assess and quantify natural and technogenic radioactivity in the environment. determine geochemical anomalies and set baseline reference values using compositional data analysis, multivariate statistics and geo-spatial analysis. assess the impacts of anthropogenic contamination on ecosystems and human health at local and regional scale to prioritize and classify risks through deterministic and stochastic approaches. Papers dedicated to the presentation of newly developed methods in analytical geochemistry to be applied in the field or in laboratory are also within the topics of interest for the journal.
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