{"title":"Atmospheric muons and their variations with temperature","authors":"S. Verpoest , D. Soldin , P. Desiati","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102985","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seasonal variations of atmospheric muons are traditionally interpreted in terms of an effective temperature that relates the atmospheric temperature profile at a given time to the dependence of muon production on atmospheric depth. This paper aims to review and generalize the treatment of muon production and effective temperature that has been used to interpret seasonal variations of atmospheric muons by many experiments. The formalism is developed both in integral form – for application to compact detectors at a fixed depth that record all muons with <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow></msub><mo>></mo><msubsup><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>min</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> – and in differential form — for application to extended detectors like IceCube, KM3NeT, and Baikal-GVD, where the rates are proportional to energy-dependent effective areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 102985"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Astroparticle Physics","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927650524000628","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Seasonal variations of atmospheric muons are traditionally interpreted in terms of an effective temperature that relates the atmospheric temperature profile at a given time to the dependence of muon production on atmospheric depth. This paper aims to review and generalize the treatment of muon production and effective temperature that has been used to interpret seasonal variations of atmospheric muons by many experiments. The formalism is developed both in integral form – for application to compact detectors at a fixed depth that record all muons with – and in differential form — for application to extended detectors like IceCube, KM3NeT, and Baikal-GVD, where the rates are proportional to energy-dependent effective areas.
期刊介绍:
Astroparticle Physics publishes experimental and theoretical research papers in the interacting fields of Cosmic Ray Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmology and Particle Physics focusing on new developments in the following areas: High-energy cosmic-ray physics and astrophysics; Particle cosmology; Particle astrophysics; Related astrophysics: supernova, AGN, cosmic abundances, dark matter etc.; Gravitational waves; High-energy, VHE and UHE gamma-ray astronomy; High- and low-energy neutrino astronomy; Instrumentation and detector developments related to the above-mentioned fields.