Emerging the role of trace minerals and vitamins in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

AD is the main contributor to dementia and one of the largest healthcare concerns of the twenty-first century. The principal components of plaques and tangles, respectively, amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau, have made molecular pathogenetic processes accessible, little is known about the disease's etiology and there are no proven treatments. Minerals known as trace elements or trace metals in very small amounts were found in living tissues. Although some metallic ions, such as iron and copper, are involved in oxidation–reduction processes in energy metabolism, trace elements often function as enzyme system catalysts. The major pathological markers of AD are Aβ plaques (_40–42) & NF-tangles are associated with this disease. By examining various clinical & preclinical studies have proven that Al causes memory impairment as well as oxidative stress that results in mitochondrial dysfunction via the nucleus and mitochondria dysfunction (complex-I, II, IV), which leads to a mechanistic understanding of aging and the etiology of neurodegenerative illnesses. Multi-targeted pharmaceutical evidence-based therapy may need to be combined with non-pharmacological approaches and/or lifestyle modifications to stop the pandemic of neurological disease in the elderly. Other markers like aging, illnesses, and apoptosis have a greater focus in the field of research on NDs in the future.