Acute kidney injury predicts mortality in very elderly critically-ill patients

Abstract

Background

The increasing admissions of very elderly patients to intensive care units (ICUs) over recent decades highlight a growing need for understanding acute kidney injury (AKI) in this population. Although these individuals are potentially at high risk for AKI and adverse outcomes, data on AKI in this population is scarce. This study investigates the AKI incidence and outcomes of critically-ill patients aging at least 90 years.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study conducted at the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (2008–2020), investigates AKI incidence and outcomes between 2008 and 2020 in critically-ill patients aged ≥ 90 years. AKI was defined according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria using creatinine dynamics and/or urine output. Primary endpoint was overall mortality after 1 year. Secondary endpoints were in-hospital mortality, length of ICU and hospital stay.

Results

During the study period 92,958 critically-ill patients were treated and 1108 were ≥ 90 years. Of these, 1054 patients had available creatinine values and were included in the present study. AKI occurred in 24.4%, mostly classified as mild (17.5%). AKI was independently associated with a significant increase in overall mortality (HR 1.21, 95 %-CI: 1.01–1.46), in-hospital mortality (OR 2, 1.41–2.85), length of ICU (+2.8 days, 2.3–3.3) and hospital stay (+2.3 days, 0.9–3.7). Severity escalated these effects, but even mild AKI showed significance. Introducing urine-based criteria increased incidence but compromised mortality prediction.

Conclusions

AKI is a frequent complication in very elderly critically-ill patients. Occurrence of AKI at any stage was associated with increased mortality. Predictive ability applied to AKI defined by creatinine but not urine output. Careful attention of creatinine dynamics is essential in very elderly ICU-patients.