Mature beyond their years: young children who escape detection of parasitemia despite living in settings of intense malaria transmission.

IF 3.8 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Prasida Holla, Jyoti Bhardwaj, Tuan M Tran
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Despite having the highest risk of progressing to severe disease due to lack of acquired immunity, the youngest children living in areas of highly intense malaria transmission have long been observed to be infected at lower rates than older children. Whether this observation is due to reduced exposure to infectious mosquito bites from behavioral and biological factors, maternally transferred immunity, genetic factors, or enhanced innate immunity in the young child has intrigued malaria researchers for over half a century. Recent evidence suggests that maternally transferred immunity may be limited to early infancy and that the young child's own immune system may contribute to control of malarial symptoms early in life and prior to the development of more effective adaptive immunity. Prospective studies of active and passive detection of Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage infections have identified young children (<5 years old) who remain uninfected through a defined surveillance period despite living in settings of highly intense malaria transmission. Yet, little is known about the potential immunological basis for this 'aparasitemic' phenotype. In this review, we summarize the observational evidence for this phenotype in field studies and examine potential reasons why these children escape detection of parasitemia, covering factors that are either extrinsic or intrinsic to their developing immune system. We discuss the challenges of distinguishing malaria protection from lack of malaria exposure in field studies. We also identify gaps in our knowledge regarding cellular immunity in the youngest age group and propose directions that researchers may take to address these gaps.

超乎年龄的成熟:尽管生活在疟疾高度传播的环境中,但仍有幼儿未能被检测出寄生虫血症。
尽管由于缺乏获得性免疫而发展成严重疾病的风险最高,但长期以来,人们一直观察到,生活在疟疾传播高度密集地区的最年幼儿童的感染率低于年龄较大的儿童。这一观察结果究竟是由于行为和生物因素、母体转移的免疫力、遗传因素,还是幼儿先天免疫力的增强导致接触传染性蚊虫叮咬的机会减少,半个多世纪以来一直困扰着疟疾研究人员。最近的证据表明,母体转移的免疫力可能仅限于婴儿早期,而幼儿自身的免疫系统可能有助于在生命早期和更有效的适应性免疫力发展之前控制疟疾症状。对恶性疟原虫血期感染进行主动和被动检测的前瞻性研究发现,幼儿 (
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来源期刊
Biochemical Society transactions
Biochemical Society transactions 生物-生化与分子生物学
CiteScore
7.80
自引率
0.00%
发文量
351
审稿时长
3-6 weeks
期刊介绍: Biochemical Society Transactions is the reviews journal of the Biochemical Society. Publishing concise reviews written by experts in the field, providing a timely snapshot of the latest developments across all areas of the molecular and cellular biosciences. Elevating our authors’ ideas and expertise, each review includes a perspectives section where authors offer comment on the latest advances, a glimpse of future challenges and highlighting the importance of associated research areas in far broader contexts.
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