Association between breakfast skipping and blood levels of lead and cadmium in children and adolescents aged 6–17 years: Results from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2013–2018
Sonia Collado-López , Kaelyn F. Burns , Samantha N. Smith , Katarzyna Kordas , Gauri Desai
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction
Previous research suggests that fasting increases lead absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and that regularly eating meals may reduce blood lead. However, there is insufficient evidence linking breakfast status and blood-metal levels in children. We assessed the cross-sectional association between breakfast consumption status and children and adolescent’s blood levels of lead and cadmium. We also explored blood hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and age group as potential effect modifiers of these associations.
Methods
This analysis included children and adolescents aged 6–17 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2013–2018 with complete data on breakfast consumption status (consumers vs. skippers), blood metals, and covariates (N=3722). Blood metal variables were log-transformed. Crude and covariate-adjusted, survey-weighted linear regression models were conducted for each blood metal outcome. Potential effect modification was explored using stratification.
Results
Overall fewer participants reported skipping breakfast (n=719) than eating breakfast (n=3003). Mean (SE) concentrations of blood lead and cadmium (µg/L) were 0.63 (0.01) µg/dL and 0.13 (0.00) µg/L, respectively. Children and adolescents who skipped breakfast were more likely to be female (51.2%), older (mean 12.2 years, SE = 0.1), have a higher body mass index (mean 22.8 kg/m2, SE = 0.2), and a lower income-poverty ratio (mean 1.7, SE = 0.1) than breakfast consumers. No associations between breakfast consumption and any of the blood metals were found. When stratified by age (≤ 10, 11–13, and 14–17 years), children aged 11–13 years who consumed breakfast had lower log-transformed blood lead levels [β = −0.14 µg/L; 95% CI: (-0.25, −0.03)] compared to children of the same age who skipped breakfast.
Conclusion
Children 11–13 years-old who were breakfast consumers had lower blood lead levels compared to children of the same age who skipped breakfast. Our results support that encouraging breakfast consumption among school-age children may contribute to lower blood lead levels.
期刊介绍:
The journal provides the reader with a thorough description of theoretical and applied aspects of trace elements in medicine and biology and is devoted to the advancement of scientific knowledge about trace elements and trace element species. Trace elements play essential roles in the maintenance of physiological processes. During the last decades there has been a great deal of scientific investigation about the function and binding of trace elements. The Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology focuses on the description and dissemination of scientific results concerning the role of trace elements with respect to their mode of action in health and disease and nutritional importance. Progress in the knowledge of the biological role of trace elements depends, however, on advances in trace elements chemistry. Thus the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology will include only those papers that base their results on proven analytical methods.
Also, we only publish those articles in which the quality assurance regarding the execution of experiments and achievement of results is guaranteed.