Enhancement of neural crest formation by mechanical force in Xenopus development.

Toki Kaneshima, Masaki Ogawa, Takayoshi Yamamoto, Yosuke Tsuboyama, Yuki Miyata, Takahiro Kotani, Takaharu Okajima, Tatsuo Michiue
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Abstract

In vertebrate development, ectoderm is specified into neural plate (NP), neural plate border (NPB), and epidermis. Although such patterning is thought to be achieved by molecular concentration gradients, it has been revealed, mainly by in vitro analysis, that mechanical force can regulate cell specification. During in vivo patterning, cells deform and migrate, and this applies force to surrounding tissues, shaping the embryo. However, the role of mechanical force for cell specification in vivo is largely unknown. In this study, with an aspiration assay and atomic force microscopy, we have demonstrated that tension on ectodermal cells decreases laterally from the midline in Xenopus early neurula. Ectopically applied force laterally expanded the neural crest (NC) region, a derivative of the NPB, whereas force relaxation suppressed it. Furthermore, force application activated both the FGF and Wnt pathways, which are required for NC formation during neuroectodermal patterning. Taken together, mechanical force is necessary for NC formation in order to regulate signaling pathways. Furthermore, molecular signals specify the NP and generate force on neighboring tissue, the NPB, with its closure. This force activates signals, possibly determining the appropriate width of a narrow tissue, the NC.

爪蟾发育过程中机械力对神经嵴形成的促进作用
在脊椎动物的发育过程中,外胚层分为神经板(NP)、神经板边缘(NPB)和表皮。虽然这种模式化被认为是通过分子浓度梯度实现的,但主要通过体外分析发现,机械力可以调节细胞的模式化。在体内模式化过程中,细胞会变形和迁移,从而对周围组织产生作用力,塑造胚胎。然而,机械力对体内细胞分化的作用在很大程度上是未知的。在这项研究中,我们利用抽吸试验和原子力显微镜证明,在爪蟾早期神经细胞中,外胚层细胞所受的张力从中线向横向递减。外施力会使神经嵴(NC)区域(NPB 的衍生物)横向扩张,而力的松弛则会抑制该区域的扩张。此外,施力同时激活了FGF和Wnt通路,而这两种通路是神经外胚层模式化过程中NC形成所必需的。综上所述,NC的形成需要机械力来调节信号通路。此外,分子信号指定了NP,并在邻近组织NPB闭合时产生作用力。这种力激活了信号,可能决定了狭窄组织 NC 的适当宽度。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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