The Effects of Near-Infrared Phototherapy Preirradiation on Lower-Limb Muscle Strength and Injury After Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective

To assess near-infrared preirradiation effects on postexercise lower-limb muscle damage and function and determine optimal dosage.

Data Sources

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data were systematically searched (2009-2023).

Study Selection

Randomized controlled trials of near-infrared preirradiation on lower-limb muscles after fatigue exercise were incorporated into the meta-analysis. Out of 4550 articles screened, 21 met inclusion criteria.

Data Extraction

The included studies’ characteristics were independently extracted by 2 authors, with discrepancies resolved through discussion or by a third author. Quality assessment was performed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation System.

Data Synthesis

In 21 studies, near-infrared preirradiation on lower-limb muscles inhibited the decline in peak torque (standardized mean difference [SMD], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.59; p<.001; increasing 27.97±4.87N·m), reduced blood lactate (SMD, −0.2; 95% CI, −0.37 to −0.03; p=.272; decreasing 0.54±0.42mmol/L), decreased creatine kinase (SMD, −2.11; 95% CI, −2.57 to −1.65; p<.001; decreasing 160.07±27.96U/L), and reduced delayed-onset muscle soreness (SMD, −0.53; 95% CI, −0.81 to 0.24; p<.001). Using a 24-hour cutoff revealed 2 trends: treatment effectiveness depended on power and energy density, with optimal effects at 24.16 J/cm² and 275 J/cm² for energy, and 36.81 mW/cm² and 5495 mW/cm² for power. Noting that out of 21 studies, 19 are from Brazil, 1 from the United States, and 1 from Australia, and the results exhibit high heterogeneity.

Conclusions

Although we would have preferred a more geographic dispersion of laboratories, our findings indicate that near-infrared preirradiation mitigates peak torque decline in lower-limb muscles. Influenced by energy and power density with a 24-hour threshold, optimal energy and power densities are observed at 24.16 J/cm², 275 J/cm², 36.81 mW/cm², and 5495 mW/cm², respectively. Laser preirradiation also reduces blood lactate, creatine kinase, and delayed-onset muscle soreness.