High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Induced Disulfide Mechanophore Activation in Polymeric Nanostructures for Molecule Release

Abstract

Ultrasound (US) activation of mechanophores in polymers that initiates cascade chemical reactions is a promising strategy for on-demand molecule release. However, the typical US frequency used for mechanochemistry is around 20 kHz, producing inertial cavitation that exceeds the tolerance threshold of biological systems. Here, high-intensity focused US (HIFU) as a mechanical stimulus is introduced to drive the activation of disulfide mechanophores in hyperbranched star polymers (HBSPs) and microgels (MGLs). The mechanism of molecular release is attributed to the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction and subsequent intramolecular cyclization. We reveal that HBSPs and MGLs effectively transduce HIFU as mechanical input to chemical output, demonstrated by the quantification of the release of fluorescent umbelliferone (UMB). Moreover, an in vitro study of drug release is carried out using camptothecin as the model drug, which is covalently loaded in MGLs, demonstrating the potential of our system for controlled drug delivery to cancer cells.