Substituent effect on the electronic and optical properties of newly designed pyrrole derivatives using density functional theory

Abstract

This work explores six newly designed compounds obtained by several substitutions in 2,5-di(2-thienyl) pyrrole molecule. For this series of compounds, the electronic and optical properties were investigated using density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The new compounds were characterized by calculating the chemical parameters that correlated with their optical and electrical properties. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies are calculated using the B3LYP functional with the 6-311G (d, p) basis set. The most low-lying energy level of the LUMO was found for Perr-NO2, indicating its effective electron injection capabilities and oxidation resistance. The HOMO and LUMO distributions of Perr-Cl and Perr-NO2 displayed a remarkable complementarity throughout each component of the two compounds, indicating an effective intermolecular charge transfer. The molecular electrostatic potential analysis demonstrated that the proposed compounds have a broad distribution of electrophilic and nucleophilic sites, which predict a high degree of chemical reactivity. The electron density analysis at the bonding and anti-bonding sites of the title compounds was performed using the electron localization function and local orbital locator techniques. Non-covalent interaction analysis using the reduced density gradient approach classified all types of interaction: repulsive, weak, and attractive interactions within compound fragments. All compounds exhibited a robust repulsive interaction, as proved by the red spikes at 0.038 a.u. The ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectrum was obtained by TD-DFT using CAM-B3LYP models in conjunction with 6-311G (d, p) basis set and methanol as a solvent, the absorption bands were found within the UV range, and the maximum wavelength showed red-shifted increases. These compounds could serve as a base material for developing selective gas sensors with considerable UV/vis absorption (180–400 nm). According to the research results, the designed compounds are good candidates for use as precursors in polymer designs for optoelectronic and sensor applications due to their high electrical conductivity and photochemical properties.