ONTOGENETIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF BONES OF THE HUMAN ORBIT

D. Dmytrenko, N. Kozariychuk, O. Tsyhykalo, N. Kuzniak
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Introduction. Elucidation of the sources of human orbital bones, clarifi cation of the sequence of their ossifi cation will allow to create a morphological basis for eff ective interpretation of the data of fetal condition monitoring, will contribute to early diagnosis of variants of the structure and possible malformations of the head, organ of vision and related structures.The aim of the study. The aim of this work was to fi nd out the sources of origin, the chronology of ossifi cation, the characteristics of age-related topographic and anatomical changes in the bones of the orbit.Material and methods. 18 series of histological sections of samples of human embryos and pre-fetuses at the age of 4-12 weeks of intrauterine development (4,0-80,0 mm parietal- coccygeal length) and samples of 12 fetuses at the age of 4-9 months of intrauterine development (130,0-450. 0 mm parietal- calcaneal length) using a complex of morphological research methods (anthropometry, morphometry, preparation of histological sections, dissection, three- dimensional reconstruction of series of histological sections and computer tomography, statistical analysis).The study was conducted in accordance with the main provisions of the European Union Convention on Human Rights andBiomedicine (1997), as well as the Helsinki Declaration on Ethical Principles of Medical Research Involving Human Subjects(1964-2008), EU Directive No. 609 (1986), Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated 23.09.2009 No. 690.The work was carried out within the framework of the initiative research work of the Department of Histology, Cytology andEmbryology of the Bukovinian State Medical University «Structural and functional peculiarities of tissues and organs in ontogenesis, regularities of variant, constitutional, sex and age-related and comparative human morphology». State registration number: 0121U110121. Deadlines: 01.2021-12.2025.The results. The fi rst signs of the appearance of ossifi cation centers around the main nervous and visceral contents of the rudiment of the orbit are determined in 6-week-old embryos in the form of seven cartilaginous bone models, and the fi rst centers of ossifi cation among the rudiments of bones participating in the formation of the orbit are found in the rudiment of the maxilla. In the 6th month of intrauterine development, the processes of ossifi cation of the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones begin. At the end of the 8th month of intrauterine development, due to the ossifi cation processes of the lesser wing of the sphenoid and frontal bones, the orbit acquires features of a defi nitive structure.From the beginning of the fetal period of human ontogenesis, ossifi cation of the structures of the sphenoid bone continues, which leads to morphological transformations of the orbit in 5-month fetuses – it is separated from the sphenopalatine and infratemporal fossa by a bone layer, the optic canal is formed, and in 6-month fetuses processes of ossifi cation of the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones, and Müller’s orbital muscle changes its structure into a fi brous one.The analysis of the age-related dynamics of the morphometric parameters of the orbit during the fetal period of intrauterine development made it possible to establish the peculiarities of changes in its diameter, circumference and area, which are expressed by mathematical functions: diameter of the orbit, mm = –0. 2285+0.4704*x; circumference of the orbit, mm = –0.2924+1.4595*x; area of the orbit, mm2 = –87.8597+8.0387*x, where x is the age of the human fetus in weeks.Conclusion. The critical periods of the development of the orbit are the 6th month of prenatal ontogenesis, during which there is an uneven growth rate of the horizontal size of the orbit in relation to the vertical one, and its shape returns to the mesoconchal, which was previously observed in fetuses, as well as the 8th month, during which the growth of all parameters of the orbit slows down due to intensive processes of organogenesis of its visceral structures.
人类眼眶骨骼的个体发育变化
导言。阐明人类眶骨的来源、明确其骨化顺序将为有效解释胎儿状况监测数据奠定形态学基础,有助于早期诊断头部、视觉器官和相关结构的结构变异和可能的畸形。这项工作的目的是找出眼眶骨骼的来源、骨化的时间顺序、与年龄相关的地形和解剖变化特征。对宫内发育 4-12 周的人类胚胎和前胎儿样本(顶骨-尾骨长度为 4.0-80.0 毫米)以及宫内发育 4-9 个月的 12 个胎儿样本(顶骨-尾骨长度为 130.0-450.该研究采用综合形态学研究方法(人体测量、形态测量、组织学切片制备、解剖、组织学切片系列三维重建和计算机断层扫描、统计分析)。这项研究是根据《欧盟人权与生物医学公约》(1997 年)的主要条款、《关于涉及人的医学研究伦理原则的赫尔辛基宣言》(1964-2008 年)、欧盟第 609 号指令(1986 年)、乌克兰卫生部 2009 年 9 月 23 日第 690 号命令进行的。这项工作是在布科维尼亚国立医科大学组织学、细胞学和胚胎学系 "组织和器官在本体发生过程中的结构和功能特征,与变异、体质、性别和年龄有关的规律性以及人类形态比较 "的倡议研究工作框架内进行的。国家注册号:0121U110121。截止日期:2021 年 1 月至 2025 年 12 月。在 6 周大的胚胎中,以 7 个软骨模型的形式确定了眼眶雏形主要神经和内脏内容物周围骨化中心出现的最初迹象,并在上颌骨雏形中发现了参与眼眶形成的骨骼雏形的最初骨化中心。在宫内发育的第 6 个月,额骨、蝶骨、乙蝶骨和上颌骨的骨化过程开始。在宫内发育的第 8 个月末,由于蝶骨和额骨小翼的骨化过程,眼眶获得了防御性结构的特征。从人类本体发育的胎儿期开始,蝶骨结构的骨化继续进行,这导致 5 个月胎儿的眼眶形态发生变化--眼眶与蝶骨窝和颞下窝被骨层分开、在 6 个月的胎儿中,额骨、蝶骨、乙蝶骨和上颌骨的骨化过程以及 Müller 的眶肌将其结构变为纤细的结构。通过分析胎儿宫内发育期眼眶形态计量参数与年龄有关的动态变化,可以确定眼眶直径、周长和面积变化的特殊性,用数学函数表示为:眼眶直径,毫米 = -0.2285+0.4704*x;眼眶周长,毫米=-0.2924+1.4595*x;眼眶面积,平方毫米=-87.8597+8.0387*x,其中 x 为胎儿年龄(以周为单位)。眼眶发育的关键时期是胎儿出生前的第 6 个月,在此期间,眼眶的水平大小与垂直大小的增长速度不平衡,眼眶的形状恢复到以前在胎儿身上观察到的中膜形状;第 8 个月,由于眼眶内脏结构的器官形成过程非常密集,眼眶所有参数的增长速度都放缓了。
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